Tibbi-i-kar

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Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are among the common factors of work-related injuries in the developed and developing countries and this study tries to identify risk factors in this criteria case. This study was aimed to evaluate the nurses', awareness of ergonomic principles of work place, their employment problems and work-related injuries in two Iranian hospitals. Methods: To perform this study, 335 nursing personnel who fulfilled inclusion to participate were selected from 13 different wards of two hospitals. For data collection, a verified five staged questionnaire was used. Results: Nurses' awareness of ergonomic principles, working conditions and work-related injuries and problems received 2.93 0.58, 2.23 0.54 and 2.66 0.76 scores out of 5, respectively. According to the obtained average scores, nurses' awareness of safety principles was mediocre and two other indices were scored low and weak. Conclusion: Therefore it is necessary to adopt comprehensive training programs in order to increase nurses' awareness of ergonomics principles in work places and improve their working conditions.

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Background: Serotonin plays an important role in central fatigue and increases the release of prolactin. To determine the effect of one exhausted endurance exercise session on serotonin serum level of men runners, this study was conducted. Methods: In a laboratory cross-sectional study, blood samples of 14 runners were collected and the level of serum serotonin and prolactin was measured before, immediately after and 10 minutes after exercise using Bruce protocol. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18. Results: According to the results, the average level of serum serotonin before, immediately after and 10 minutes after exercise was 141.26, 241.04 ng/ml and 214.34 and for prolactin was 7.53, 11.83 and 16.84ng/ml, respectively. There was significant difference between both serotonin and prolactin levels and the time of exercise(p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study indicates that one exhausted endurance exercise session can increase blood serum serotonin and prolactin level and fatigue then after. It can be recommended that moderate exercise is useful for ordinary individuals.

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Background: Sawing job is one of the occupations that have high work-related musculoskeletal disorders prevalence because of repetitive tasks. The current study aimed to determine work-related musculoskeletal disorders and risk factor of this disorder in YAZD city tailors. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we take film from working process and worker’s postures, each task were assigned a posture score using RULA method. Face to face ergonomic training was done for each worker. After intervention, worker’s postures evaluation was done again. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests (Wilcoxone and Kruskal-Wallis) were used. Results: The result showed that the highest final posture score and action level in tailor workstations were 7 and 4 respectively. Significant differences were shown in the final score postures in four tasks (Sewing, Cutting, Ironing and Button sewing). After ergonomic training, re-evaluation of body posture had done and RULA score was decrease in two tasks, cutting and Sewing buttons. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that ergonomic training on body position tailors in Sewing and button Sewing work station is effective

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Background: People spend many times a day at work and they mostly do their work using computer. Today, computers are an integral part of the workplace, especially in office environments. The purpose of present study is to explore visual discomfort among office staff of Tehran university of Medical Sciences. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study and was done in 2012. Sample size was determined 150 people by simple random sampling. Data collection methods in our study were two questionnaires including demographic information questionnaire and Conlon questionnaire that is applied for measuring visual discomfort. Using SPSS.18, descriptive statistics (like frequency counts, percentage distributions) and inferential statistics like Pearson correlation coefficient, student's T-test and variance analysis were done for data analysis. Results: Results showed that 70% of subjects had the medium visual discomfort. It was found a significant correlation between visual discomfort and age and work experience (Pearson test: r=0.181 and Pvalue=0.042) and also there was a statistically significant relationship between visual discomfort and sex and education level (chi- square test: Pvalue=0.025). Conclusion: it is obvious that working with computer affected on visual comfort of office staff and it leaded to decrease visual comfort among them. Hence it is necessary for prevention of visual discomfort or/and exacerbating visual impairments to improve the lighting systems and teach the correct procedures of working with computer.

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Background: nowadays, the role of occupational stressors in the creation of problems, diseases, physical and mental disabilities, and its costs especially in high standard and safety- sensitive jobs is obvious. Shift work is a factor which may increase job stress. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the relationship between shift work and occupational stress among urban taxi drivers. Methods: This was a historical cohort study. 267 urban taxi drivers were selected by cluster sampling. Drivers were divided into two groups: shift worker (142 subjects) and non-shift worker (125 subjects). Two groups were matched regarding age and gender. Data was collected using Osipow questionnaire. Data was analyzed using T- test. Results: In 76.8% of non- shift workers and 90.1% of shift workers, stress score was more than 140. Mean stress score was significantly higher among shift workers, and there was a significant relationship between mean stress score and shift work (P=0.021). Conclusion: Results showed that shift work significantly affects job stress of drivers which may have to such outcomes as accidents and occupational diseases. So stress management may reduce these adverse effects. Key words: Job stress, Shift work, Drivers

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Background: Occupational flour inhalation has been a culprit in commence of several pulmonary maladies, such as asthma. The flour particle is one of the most important factors which can cause occupational chronic respiratory disorders. We examined the relationship of occupational wheat flour inhalation in bakery and supermarket employees with pulmonary function, respiratory symptoms, and sputum eosinophilia for determining hyper-responsiveness. Methods: 110 subjects from traditional bakeries and 137 subjects from supermarket employees were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in Iran. Flour exposure concentrations, respiratory signs, sputum analysis, and respiratory volumes and capacities were measured based on the standard methods. Independent sample t-test was applied for analyses. Results: Respirable concentration of flour in the bakery workers was two to four-fold of ACGIH’s threshold limit value in which bread-bakers with 2.2 mg/m3 experienced maximum exposures among all job titles in the bakeries. The supermarket employees had not exposure to flour dust. The respiratory volumes in both bakery and supermarket employees were in the normal range. However, the median of voluminal percentage in bakery workers except forced vital capacity was reduced (p < 0.001). The mean respiratory volume of bread-bakers was reduced compared with supermarket employees (p < 0.05). In addition, we observed increased respiratory symptoms in the bakery workers, again more prevalent in the bread-bakers. There was a significant correlation between flour exposure concentration and sputum eosinophilia in which the percentage of eosinophilia in the bread-bakers was more than other bakery and supermarket employees. Albeit there were reductions in the respiratory volumes, results indicate no obstructive spirometric pattern. Conclusion: Noteworthy, sputum eosinophilia might be a suitable screening method to detect airway hyper-responsiveness in workers exposed to known asthmogens.

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Introduction: human factor, road, vehicle and environment are factors that impact on driving road. One of the important statistics about accidents and injuries consensus on the role of human factors in 90-70 percent of all accidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of human error in accidents in driver's terminals once the province of Yazd. Methods: This Cross-sectional study was carried out in 2013 among the drivers of transport terminals in Yazd city.The number of cases was 300 people that were selected by random method. A multi-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics, data related of drivering and Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) were applied. Results: The unintentional violations that were caused by the careless and lightheadedness was down that represents the good culture of the community to be studied. The relationship between the rate of speed when driving in a landslide was a significant correlation (03/0, 04 / 0P <). Also among the items age, work experience, type of certification, the amount of kilometers of driving per week and per year, and average and maximum speed of the car with the infringers, significant relationships were found. Conclusion: The main result this study was that a large number of drivers do not show necessity for committing violations and Most of violations was deliberately accuracy

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Introduction: Refineries are considered as the base of many accidents and incidences due to their close proximity with dangerous substances, products, and production processes. This study analyzed the consequences of H₂S leakage scenario from clot stuck unit of South Pars Gas Refinery and determined the dangerous boundaries and the risk limits of this scenario.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was carried out in gas refineries of South Pars Phases 2 and 3. To evaluate the gas dispersion modality and the effectiveness of leakage scenario, the PHAST 6.53.1 software was used. To do so, firstly, the different scenarios of leakage were determined under these conditions, and then different climatic conditions affecting these scenarios were identified. Ultimately, the consequences of these scenarios were determined and these dangerous boundaries and risk limits of these scenarios for the effective and impacted areas were determined at two-level criteria of the LC and IDLH.

Results: The findings of this study demonstrated that distance risk of LC₅₀ for H₂S Toxic dispersion for the restricted areas was 224 m and the distance risk of the IDLH for H2S Toxic dispersion for the impacted area was 386 m, respectively. Also, the results revealed that the ENI camp was in the dominant current direction in the distance of 200 m from phases 2 and 3. In the case of occurrence of leakages, many human damages and losses would happen. Consequently, it is mandatory to change the place of residence of camp inhabitants and immediately take appropriate engineering control measures.

Conclusion: Using the data related to hazards and considering the results of the conducted analysis, and also assessing the consequences in the frame of risk limit, the collective risks of these disaster scenarios could be determined by the use of population assessment software.

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Introduction: methyl diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is one of the most commonly iisocyanate used in the foam manufacturing companies. The aim of this study is to evaluat iisocyanate (MDI) effects on the pulmonary capacities of workers by examining the results of workers spirometers in foam.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Sampling was conducted through census company method. In order to investigate the changes of respiratory capacity in the workers. The information of the medical workers records and the spirometry test results in different two years were determined as well as the level of air pollution in the production units using sampling method using descriptive statistics, paired T-test and linear regression analysis, the data were analyzed.

Result: The level of air pollution in the production line of cold foams, and the viscose hall, unit L90 was higher than the maximum allowable (51 microgram/m³). The results of evaluation the respiratory capacity in some workers that expose to MDI, according to work experience more than 3 years, showed that the respiratory capacity of spirometry in 2012 was decreased compared to 2010 (p<0/05). The studied respiratory capacity (FEV1/ FVC) indicated the reduction in these during 2010 to 2012 parameters and on average, FEV1(15.60%) and FVC (9.7%) was reduced.

Conclusion: With increasing the work experience and increasing the duration of exposure to combinations of MDI, workers, respiratory capacity will have been declining and in the long term it might have uncontrollable conditions.

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Introduction: Nowadays, air pollution, occupational and industrial harmful exposure caused the increasing prevalence of lung diseases. The pulmonary function testing such as spirometry plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases. Due to the increasing use of the classification system in the prediction and detection based on the test samples, diagnosis the patients and non- patients according to their pulmonary performance without testing can be achieved relying on data-based prediction methods.

Method:In this study, a new method developed by fuzzy system was used to determine the restriction syndrome pulmonary disease to find workers in the tile industry. The fuzzy system designed considering the main factors affecting respiratory health in tile industry with the values of FVC and FEV1, which is the result of the spirometry test analysis in the workplace. These systems input include the staff occupational and environmental information, and the output is prediction of being sick or healthy.

Result: Among the used classification methods, the fuzzy method was achieved acceptable results because of the samples awarded degree in each cluster.According to the developed model in this study for predicting obstructive and restrictive pulmonary syndrome based on the analyzed test samples related to information of workers in 1394, the achieved accuracy was 0.71and 0.79, respectively.

Conclusion: Using the fuzzy systems for modeling and predicting on medical issues such as diagnosis the diseases recommended due to the appropriate performance of them in uncertain environment. The knowledge in fuzzy systems expressed as if-then rules, so the obtained knowledge is understandable by humans and can be refined by experts if necessary.

Keyword: Classification, Fuzzy, Fuzzy Rules, Spirometry

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Introduction: Inhalation exposure to dust is one of the most common adverse environmental factors that can have adverse effect on the health of employees. In this study, dust inhalation exposure of workers with different methods as well as GIS was investigated.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was performed on the sample size based on results of homogeneous exposure groups (SEG). Environmental and personal exposure assessments were performed according to standard methods and personal and environmental sampling. The collected data were analyzed based on American industrial hygiene association (AIHA), and then analyzed by using GIS software for mapping the distribution.

Results: The average dust exposure by each individual among the workers within homogeneous exposure groups was 8.61 mg/m³. The highest exposure by each individual was 21.13 mg/m3 that belonged to pulverizer operator and the lowest was 1.97 mg/m3, which was belonged to fine wire operator. The lowest environment concentration was observed in the cutting salon (0.05 mg/m³), and the highest values found in powder salon (22 mg/m³). Exposure management based on AIHA methods showed that the powder, packing and preparation sections have the highest concentration, and cutting section has the lowest values. Exposure management based on GIS techniques showed higher number of at risk employees in comparison with common strategies.

Conclusion: Use of SEG practices in combination with GIS can enhance the quality of respiratory exposure assessment in occupational environments. GIS plays an important role in the screening of air pollution in the working environment by providing a set of services including the possibility of classification into different areas and creating a report based on the map

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Introduction: Diagnosis of various diseases in medicine is one of the area's most widely used data mining in recent years and many researches have been done about it. In this study, the diagnosis of prostate cancer using fuzzy system was assessed. The goal was to diagnose the prostate cancer and to predict the possibility of suffering from the disease.

Methods: In the proposed method, at first, based on available dataset, pre-processing and clustering operations were carried out. Then a zero-order Sugeno fuzzy system was designed for prediction. Each cluster, as the first item of a fuzzy rule, was considered and out of a rule, percentage of disease possibility in each cluster was considered. For each new sample, the membership degree to the each cluster was computed and then by combining outputs from each rule, possibility of disease in the sample was predicted. Finally, by having possibility and threshold for possibility, having or not having the disease for desired sample was diagnosed.

Results: The results showed that the system has good accuracy in predicting the possibility of disease.

Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to predict the risk of prostate cancer in young workers according to different jobs they are employed and the amount of exposure to risk factors in each job. If this possibility is high, they are known as the person at risk and in some cases there may need to change higher jobs.

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Introduction: Noise is one of the most important physical agents in the workplace which causes numerous effects on physical and mental health. Hence its elimination or control is necessary in noisy industrial workplaces. Saab dyamples device is one of the most important sources of noise in the sub line in  granite industry. Thus, this study intended to reduce noise using enclosure method in Behsaram granite company.

Methods: Due to the high level of noise produced by dyamples, in this study, the enclosure technique was used to encapsulate the noise area. After measurement and analysis, the required noise reduction was determined. A chamber with dimensions of 1.5×1.55×1.8 m³with an opening in front for observation and another opening in the back for access to control keys. The chamber was manufactured from galvanized stainless steel with 0.55 thickness and 6 kg/m2 density with a glass wool cover with 2 inches thickness.

Results: The noise level before and after enclosure was 93.63 dB and 86.91 dB, respectively. According to the measured values before and after the installation of the chamber.

Conclusion:Considering noise reduction, it is  recommended that engineering controls (enclosure) in similar industries could reduce exposure of the workers to high level of noise.

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Introduction: Occupational infection with blood borne pathogens is a major public health problem in the world and despite this fact, needle stick injuries are not important for many health care workers and they don’t follow them. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of injury with needle and cutting objects in the service personnel of educational hospitals in Yazd.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in educational hospitals in Yazd. 170 service personnel were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire included demographic and background data, history of the injury with a needle or cutting objects and information on knowledge, attitude and performance of injury with a needle. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Student's T test and logistic regression analysis.

Results: In this study, 45.5% of the personnel had experienced at least one injury with sharps; 78.1% of people reported that after exposure to these injuries, have visited a doctor. Comparison of knowledge in two groups showed that knowledge in subjects with injury was lower than subjects without injury. Although perceived risk in the group with injuries was more than the group without complications, but this difference was not significant. Needle stick injuries were lower in people with higher work experience than those with less experience.

Conclusion: Needle stick injuries were high in hospital service personnel. To prevent these injuries, educational programs should be a priority.

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Abstract:
Background and Aim: Considering that suspended particles are one of the main pollutants of air in cities. Since the prevention of contamination beyond the standard level and the economic and health issues of employees and individuals involved in the enclosed environment is very important, the research team concluded that the effect of fan coils at the dispersion of suspended particles and its effect on air pollution in educational spaces.
Materials and Methods: In this study using the device Haz Dust and NIOSH500 suspended particles were measured in two seasons in the spring and summer and at 128 points.The sampling device was fixed at the center of the room at a height of one and a half meters, and with an impactor of 10 and 2.5 and the teflon filter the amount of contaminants was read on the device before the fan coil is turned on and after reading it turned on and data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software and the value of p-value was calculated and compared with the standard limit.
Findings: The level of pollution in educational spaces is lower than standard, and fan coils have an effect on the dispersion of PM₁₀ particles, but in general, fan coils do not have a significant effect on the dispersion of particles in educational spaces.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the concentration of particles in the maximum time is less than standard, and the fan coil has no effect on the amount of contamination of educational spaces.

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Introduction: Shift work is one of the threatening factors on Health. The important effects of shift work can be noted chronic fatigue. This study aimed to determine the association between Shift Work and chronic Fatigue among Educational Hospital Nurses.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Educational Hospital in Yazd. Using Stratified sampling technique, 200 Nurses were selected. The data was collected by using questionnaires of Demographic and chronic Fatigue. The data was analyzed using SPSS₂₀ software and applying chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficients.
Result: 57 nurse’s man and 143 nurse’s women Participated in this study. There wasn’t a significant relation between the Gender, marital status, work experience and education level with chronic Fatigue. Because Between the age group with chronic fatigue there was a significant difference. Analysis of the results of this study showed that significant relation between Shift Work and chronic Fatigue.
Conclusion: Shift work can be affected on chronic fatigue that causes the difference in constant and non-constant shifts. So, chronic fatigue in people with constant shifts less than non-constant shifts.
 

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Introduction: The unique properties of nanomaterials, in addition to their applications in science and technology, can be a threat to human health and the environment. Exposure to these materials may occur in workplaces or in research laboratories. It can be said that about half of people with occupational exposure to nanomaterials work in academic environments and laboratories. So, the present study was conducted to design and validate a tool to investigate the principles of working safely with nanomaterials in research laboratories.
Materials & Methods: The tool was designed using reports, instructions and articles related to " Methods of working safely with nanomaterials". The validity of the tool was assessed using Lawshe method by calculating CVI and CVR. The reliability of the instrument was evaluated using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient and kappa coefficient.
Results: The tool was designed in 5 sections: "General Information", "Transportation and Storage of Nanomaterials", "Engineering Controls", "Administrative Controls" and "Personal Protection Equipment". After validation, 5 items did not get the necessary points to stay in the tool and were removed. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha value for each section of the tool was more than 0.80, indicating that the was "appropriate".
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that the tool studied in this study is compatible for the designed purpose and is ready to be used as a questionnaire or checklist.

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Introduction: dentists often have to adopt awkward, asymmetric, static postures and tilt their heads forward while working. If this situation continues for a long time every day, it leads to excessive pressure on the involved muscles and joints and causes symptoms such as pain and discomfort, especially in the neck, shoulders, back, and waist. Considering the importance of prevention, and early treatment of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists, this research investigates the effect of three types of chairs used in dentistry on the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and the comfort perceived by dentists using each chair.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conveyed in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. The present study includes a survey of a group of 70 male dentists. In this study, three types of chairs were compared. To evaluate body comfort, Corlette, and Bishop’s local discomfort questionnaire was used. The RULA method was used to determine the risk of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders and to assess each dentist's body condition.
Results: The highest level of comfort was reported in the saddle model chair (the difference in the average intensity of discomfort before and after the work shift in the whole body = 12.39), the third type chair (13.04), and the second type chair (18/76). The dentists' posture evaluation results showed that the final score of RULA in three types of chairs varies from a minimum of 3 to a maximum of 7.
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the average intensity of discomfort in the whole body after using the saddle chair compared to the state before using it has significantly decreased compared to the other two types of chairs, which implies the positive effect of using the saddle chair in reducing musculoskeletal discomfort. The results of posture evaluation indicate that the use of the saddle chair, compared to the other two chairs, improves the working conditions and facilitates the work.