Tibbi-i-kar

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Background: Symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, cough and sneeze, irritated mucous membrane, eyes, throat, nose, inflammation and itching skin are associated with one of indoor air quality diseases, called sick building syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms of the syndrome and some related factors in educational hospital intensive care nurses in Kerman University of medical sciences. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. All intensive care nurses who were willing to cooperate in the study were enrolled in the census. The standard MM040EA questionnaire associated with sick building syndrome and indoor air quality was used in this study to determine prevalence of this syndrome. Data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed using chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: Some symptoms included lack of focus (60.2%), headache and fatigue (58.3%), dry and irritated skin (57.3%) and eye irritation (48.5%) were more common than other symptoms. The syndrome did not depend on age, gender, employment and working conditions, and environmental factors. Environmental factors influence the development of the syndrome, including the noise and unpleasant smell the workplace (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to high prevalence of sick building syndrome in nurses and its relationship to environment noise and unpleasant smell work, more attention to improvement of environment conditions, such as increasing the efficiency of air conditioning and fresh air to enhance the quality of work life for nurses segments and increase the efficiency of motivation of the working environment is needed.

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Background: In continuing our work on effects of noise stress, this study aimed to determine the effect of noise stress on the anxiety and the volume of the amygdale nuclei as a key brain component plays role in the anxiety. Methods: In this experimental study, two-months old Wistar male rats were randomly divided into noise stress and control groups (n=10 in each group). Control rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions and noise-stressed rats were exposed to 75 dB noise (1100Hz), 20 min/3 times/day for 90 days. The anxiety behaviors were assessed applying elevated plus maze and Territory discrimination test. Coronal serial sections of 25 µm thickness through rat amygdale were made. Every 2th section was selected and the volume of amygdale nuclei was determined by using Cavalieri's principle. Results: Results indicated that the noise-exposed rats had fewer entrances to open arm of elevated plus maze and spend less time in this arm. In territory discrimination test, noise stressed group had more latency to enter in unknown compartment. The volume of lateral nucleus of amygdale was significantly higher in noise stressed group compared to control animal. Conclusion: Result of this study indicated that the chronic exposure to noise induces anxiety behavior and caused increase in central nucleus of amygdale volume. In this view, our experimental research may present a useful approach in understanding some aspects of the pathophysioloy of anxiety disorders due to noise stress.

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Background: The effect of depression upon life quality, especially upon those suffering from sleep disorders, is of considerable importance, hence in this study we have undertaken the study of depression in persons suffering from sleep disorders, on the basis of polysomnography test and have dealt with some of its important factors. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study which was conducted upon patients visiting the sleep disorder clinic of the Baharloo hospital, during the years 1388-1391. Polysomnography was conducted upon them and their sleep disorder was diagnosed on this basis, commencing the study on them. Every subject was then given a data collection sheet, and some of the sleep disorder questionnaires, and then the Beck questionnaire were filled up for them. After collection of this data for the patients and also for the control group, the data was analyzed and evaluated with the help of statistical software. Results: The mean age of the patients suffering with breathing disorder during sleep was 50.22±12.13 and significantly higher than the mean age of patients suffering from insomnia 44.20±17.76 (P=0.02). Also, no significant statistical difference was noticed in this study in the Beck questionnaire scores between the two groups diagnosed for sleeplessness and obstructive apnea during sleep (P>0.05). Conclusion: In the present study we noticed that the Beck depression score for patients suffering from sleeplessness was higher than those suffering from obstructive apnea during sleep, although this difference was not significant. This can be due to the insufficient number of sleep disturbance patients observed in this study. Hence, it is suggested that another study be conducted by taking a higher number of subjects belonging to this group.

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Introduction: Lead has been recognized as one of the most dangerous occupational exposures that have acute and chronic effects on major organs of the human body such as the effects on central and peripheral nervous system, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular systems. Blood lead measurement is an essential step for early detection and treatment of lead poisoning. There are different methods for blood lead level measurement. Each has advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we compared the common methods for measuring blood lead level in terms of technique, accuracy, availability, and costs. Methods: Based on the available literature, we evaluated various methods of lead measurement and compared from different aspects. Results: Our studies have shown that “Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry” (ICP-MS) has the highest accuracy and the highest levels of costs among the available methods. After that, “Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry” (GFAAS) method have the best accuracy and is the most common procedure that used for the blood lead measurement in laboratories. “Anodic stripping voltammetry” (ASV) is a newer method and have lower costs and ease of use, but its accuracy is at a lower level. This method can be used on site as well. Conclusion: Comparison of different methods showed that we can apply any of these methods depending on desired accuracy, costs and existing facilities for lead measurement in occupational medicine. Using of new literatures in this field could help us to better evaluation of lead poisoning.

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Introduction: Mental health of nurses and doctors should have a desirable mental health to be able to transfer it to the patients. Therefore, in the first step performing a study about mental health in comparison with the other jobs in the medical sciences is necessary.

Methods: This study is quantitative and systematic. In this study, mental health was the dependent variable and the type of occupation was the independent variable. The Studied population was the articles of scientific researches in the field of mental health among the different occupations.The hypothesis of this study was collecting and companing the results in the field of mental health of employers in different groups, especially comparing medical and non-medical sciences. The method used for this research was a meta-analysis one and for analyzing the data, Z scores meta- analysis was applied.

Result: The data of the present study showed that the average score of mental health in Medical Sciences group was -0.07, in office jobs was 0.06, in military jobs was -0.01 and in the industrial jobs was -0.7, respectively. Comparative analysis showed that the average scores of mental health in Medical Sciences group compared with the military, Medical sciences,office,and industrial jobs was higher, but in comparison with the military and office, jobs was lower. The lowest level of mental health was related to the industrial jobs and office jobs was higher compared with the other jobs.

Conclusion: Studies have shown that the average mental health scores in medical sciences group was higher compared with non-medical group. So, for having committed medical staff it needs more attention about mental health of this group. In macro policy, it should be paid attention to promote the level of mental health of medical sciences in hospitals and clinics.

Result: The data of the present study show that the average of mental health in  Medical Sciences is, -0.07  in office job is 0.06; in military career  is -0.01 and in  industrial jobs,-0.7.Respectively. Comparative analysis shows that the average of the four military occupations, dentists, mental health, medical, industrial, office and industrial jobs better, but the military and administrative jobs is lower. The lowest level of mental health-related industries and businesses of all higher administrative positions.

 Conclusion: Studies have shown that, above average mental health practitioners, medical practitioners, business groups, and this is not desirable. So, to have committed medical staff need to be more attentive factors affecting the mental health of this group and its mental health policy , medical groups, hospitals and treatment centers should be considered

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Introduction:
The condition of work in handloom weaving industries cause musculoskeletal (MSDS) disorders which are specially the most prevailing professional problem among women. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in various organs of the carver, assessing the carotid posture and workstations, determine the individual and ergonomic risk factors the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders
 Method:
The present study is done through descriptive cross-section method to assess the organic risk work-related musculoskeletal disorders that loom over 152 handloom weavers. Our data collection tools were: demographic questionnaire, job Nordic questionnaire, and body map prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders to decide the rate of symptoms. Then, we took film from handloom weavers while wearing to know the condition of their bodies. After reviewing the films, we assigned posture marks to each duty using ocra software at the end, data were analyzed and T-test using spss-20.
Result:
The result Ocra showed that the most frequent incidence of pain in different organs of the body during last year was neck and shoulder the average Ocra is 3.65.This indicate that most of the handloom weavers are at high risk and are in the red zone. According to the statistics 1.3% of these weavers are in slight risk and 32.2% are at low risk and 64.4% are at high risk. Thus, our study showed that the level of exposure to the risk in level 4 is more than the other levels. Hence, the station needs immediate correction.
The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the risk level of Ocra and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (pain, discomfort, etc., during the past 12 months) in the neck, shoulder and wrist.
Conclusion:
Based on Ocra indices results, handloom weavers are at high risk of musculoskeletal injuries that indicates the inappropriate (unsuitable) work condition and environment that should be corrected as soon as possible.
On the other hand, the Ocra method of evaluation is an appropriate tool to confirm the level of risk factors in the muscoskeletal disorders of handloom weavers.

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Introduction: In recent years, sickness absence in industrialized societies has been accompanied by a lot of costs and problems and is still increasing. In addition, sickness absence is progressively used as a health indicator among the workforce. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the status of absenteeism due to illness in workers of a home appliance company.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on workers of a home appliance manufacturing company from September 2015 till September 2016. Information about the number of days and episodes of sickness absence and personal information was collected.
Results: The sickness absence in blue-collar worker was higher than the white-collar groups (OR=2.20, and P-value < 0.001). In addition, the total and long-term absence in shift workers was higher than non-shift workers. Also, older age and higher body mass index was associated with lower sickness absence. Long-term sickness absence was more common among smokers than non-smokers.
Conclusion: Findings of this study show that sickness absence among workers can be affected by various demographic and occupational factors including age, body mass index, smoking status, and work group.
 

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Introduction: today, musculoskeletal disorders are considered as a serious threat for workers, and one of the main activities, which lead to these problems, is lifting. Moreover, workers in printing industry are widely involved in inappropriate postures and lifting loads. The aim of this study was to compare the results of assessment of lifting tasks with KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables in printing industry.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total number of 58 employees (64 tasks in total) from a printing industry staff in Tehran were evaluated with three observational methods of KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables, and the final scores and necessary action levels were determined for them. Furthermore, statistical data were analyzed by SPSS (ver.22) software using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests.
Results: Results showed that the prevalence of lower limbs musculoskeletal discomforts was high. Comparing the results of load lifting assessment with WISHA and KIM-LHC methods showed that there was a significant relationship between these two methods (p=0.005). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the results of assessment through the WISHA and Snook tables methods (p=0.006), and finally the comparison of load lifting assessment results with KIM-LHC and Snook tables showed a significant relationship between these two methods (p=0.046).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there was a high correlation between the results of these three methods, and they can be used as an alternative in printing industry for assessment of the load lifting task. 

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Introduction: Identifying occupational hazards and managing occupational safety and health risks has been the most important mission and responsibility of the health and safety management system in organizations and adopting coded plans to achieve this is the key to continuously improving this system and promoting it. The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal risk assessment methodology in development projects.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic research In this research, using previous research studies and collecting expert opinions, the most important criteria for selecting a specific risk assessment methodology, and then using one of the three most-used techniques is an important activity in the steel making industry and risk assessment. Then, the decision matrix is based on the strengths and weaknesses of the models. The prioritization of these three methods is done using the hierarchical analysis decision method.
Results: In this paper, five key factors, the degree of application in identifying hazards, usability in different stages of risk assessment, reliability, ease of use, and training needs and costs, are identified as the most important criteria for choosing a risk assessment technique and the FMEA method was considered as the best  Risk Assessment Method.
Conclusion: FMEA methodhas been introduced with regard to its capabilities as an optimal risk assessment method for contruction projects.

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Introduction: Morality is very important in human life because human humanity is formed when moral values are crystallized in him. Every human being is evaluated to the extent of the emergence of moral values in thoughts, speech, and behavior, the first manifestation of a person in society is that person's morality. To increase the impact of professional ethics, it is necessary to have patterns that are consistent with culture and society, and by recognizing them, the dimensions of safe behavior by accountants can be explored.
Materials and Methods: This research is based on a combined method. Because in this research, both quantitative and qualitative approaches have been used in data collection and analysis, a combination of findings and conclusions. In the present study, data collection has been done through library and field research methods. Statistics consists of theoretical texts related to accounting professional ethics. In this study, using a researcher-made questionnaire, effective criteria based on previous research were identified and finally, 25 sub-components in the form of 5 indicators were identified as the most important factors of professional ethics. In this study, NVIVO software (in the content analysis section) Used.
Results: According to experts, the components of professionalism and organization are more important than other criteria and affect the sustainable development of safe behavior and professional ethics of the accountant.
Conclusion: By understanding the professional ethics of accountants and identifying its basic components in different dimensions and determining the importance of each of them, a specific framework or format for accountants to observe or not to observe professional ethics and the desire to act based on Design and implement a code of professional conduct to reduce unsafe behaviors and, as a result, reduce the incidence of accidents in the country's industries.
 

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Introduction: Indoor air quality can lead to health problems such as Sick Building Syndrome among nurses who spend many hours in intensive care units.The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Sick Building Syndrome in nurses and indoor air quality of intensive care units in educational hospitals in Rasht.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on 144 nurses in intensive care units who were randomly selected by quota random sampling. Some of the physical and chemical factors affecting indoor air quality including volatile organic compounds (Ethyl benzene, Xylene, Toluene), carbon monoxide, dust, temperature, humidity, brightness, noise,and airflow velocity were measured by calibrated equipment and symptoms of building syndrome were assessed by the MM040EA questionnaire.
Results: The chemical factors were lower; temperature, humidity and noise were higher and brightness was lower than the recommended minimum. However, no statistically significant relationship was observed between indoor air quality and Sick Building Syndrome.
Conclusion: Although the measured physical and chemical factors in intensive care units were often at the occupational limits. The studied nurses reported poor physical conditions in their workplaces. Identifying and controlling occupational hazards in intensive care units can improve nursing performance by increasing job satisfaction.

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Introduction: In office tasks, pinch gripping of tools such as pen, paper, mouse, and keys are required during most working hours. This study aimed to determine the effect of demographic factors and working with a computer on office workers' hand grip and pinch strength.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, after recording the demographic characteristics, the hand grip and pinch strength of 174 employees of 20 offices of Birjand city with at least 3 hours of daily computer work was measured using a Jamar hand dynamometer and Saehan pinch gauge. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 16. In addition to descriptive statistics, ANOVA, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.
Results: The mean and standard deviation related to the age of the subjects were 37.5 ± 7.15 and 13 ± 7.35 years. The relationship between the hand grip and pinch strength with the variables of sex, height, weight, and Handedness (except the tip of the males) was significant (P<0.05), but with the variables of BMI, work experience, and age (except palmar of the dominant hand) was not significant. Computer work duration significantly affected the dominant hand's grip strength and both hands' palmar and tip pinch (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study show the effect of computer work duration on reducing office workers' hand grip and pinch strength. Therefore, it is recommended to apply ergonomic principles to maintain hand grip and pinch strength of computer users.
Keywords: Hand Grip, Lateral Pinch, Key Pinch, Tip Pinch, Computer Users.

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Introduction: Human capital is one of the most important resources of an organization, and as a result, organizations strive to increase their productivity. Since employees' health contributes to it, this study aimed to determine the physical activity development model of Mobarake Steel Company employees.
Materials and Methods: The current research is descriptive-analytical. It is a kind of exploratory and applied research that helps to solve the problem in Mobarake Steel Company of Isfahan. The statistical population in this research in the qualitative part includes all specialists, managers, and experts of Mobarake Steel Company as well as knowledgeable academic staff members who have expertise or experience in the field of human resources policy and sports management. Also, in the quantitative part, all the employees of Foulad Mobarakeh formed the statistical population of the research. The research tools in the qualitative and quantitative part were made by the researcher and based on the components extracted from the library studies and the results from the interviews, respectively. The research method in the qualitative part was Glazer's approach data model and in the quantitative part confirmatory factor analysis. The validity of the formal method and reliability was also confirmed through retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26 and SmartPLS software.
Results: Evaluation of the obtained model using model fit indices has shown that the model was suitable (SRMR, 0.186, Chi-square, 341.256, and NFI, 0.087). Also, the final dimensions of the model include the psychosocial environment with the dimensions of promoting sports and physical activity and encouragement and support, the physical environment with the dimensions of providing infrastructure and active company, health resources with the dimensions of program alignment and evaluation and monitoring and company participation with the dimensions of management and Planning was achieved.
Conclusion: Considering the comprehensive health program, considering the calendar and regular sports program, creating culture and forming a sports team with a dynamic environment, monitoring related instructions, forcing employees to evaluate physical health and monitoring the progress of physical activity development programs, managers' support, per capita allocation Appropriate exercise and ergonomics of control rooms and related equipment such as chairs and computers and things such as the level of lighting and even per capita dedicated space for employees and encouraging employees can be the results of the implementation of this research model.
 

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Introduction: The commitment of nurses to their jobs and patients has made nursing one of the human service professions susceptible to burnout syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict burnout based on metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with the mediation of optimism in nurses.
Materials and Methods: The current research was based on applied purpose and descriptive-correlational research design, specifically, structural equation modeling. The statistical population in this research was all the nurses in the hospitals of Qom City in 1401, and 200 nurses were randomly selected to participate in the present research. In this field study, the participants completed 
Burnout questionnaires by Meslech and Jackson (1986), a metacognition questionnaire by Wells and Cartwright-Houghton (2004), the Toronto dyslexia scale, and the Scheer and Carver optimism scale (1994). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation model using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software.
Results: The results showed that the correlation coefficients between the variables are significant (p<0.01) and there is a positive and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with burnout in nurses, and there is a negative and significant relationship between optimism and burnout (p<0.01). Also, there was a negative and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia and nurses' optimism (p<0.01). Also, the results of the path analysis showed that optimism plays a mediating role in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with nurses' burnout.
Conclusion: In general, current research emphasizes the importance of optimism in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with nurses' burnout and optimism is an effective factor in reducing nurses' burnout.
 

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