Tibbi-i-kar

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Abstract Background: Periodic examinations for employees serve as one of the main parts of health surveillance in these persons, and there is a legal obligation to perform it. Although there isn't any quality control criteria and standards for its monitoring. So quality of the examinations may decline, and the main objective of the examinations, maintaining and improving employees' health, may not be achieved. This research has been accomplished to assess the quality of occupational medical examinations. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the quality of the examinations according to scientific and legal measures. To fulfill the questionnaire, we used medical files of the employees in each plant. The study is cross-sectional and descriptive, and 333 employees were selected by cluster sampling. Results: Recording the specifications of the employees and their medical histories was appropriate in 98.6% and 94.6%, respectively. The interval between examinations was inappropriate in 62.5% of cases. Recording of occupational history, recording of the specifications of the occupational exposures, performing and recording physical examinations, spirometry, audiometry, chest X ray, specific occupational and general health paraclinic tests was appropriate in 69%, 36% 26.3%, 30%, 29%, 0%, 15.9%, and 19%, respectively. The final comment of the industrial hygienist was acceptable in 23% of cases. 40% of surveyed files required referring or intervention, but final comment of the examining physician was incorrect in 100% of cases. Conclusion: In present time, occupational medicine examinations has not an appropriate quality. In order to correct this condition, there is a need for proper training and enacting obvious guidelines and laws in the connection of performing and auditing occupational health examinations.

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Abstract Background: Many workers in different jobs work in shift schedules. Health care workers, especially nurses are a working group which according to the job nature always have shift work. Shift work causes different physical and mental diseases, including depression. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 110 nurses working in SSU hospitals were surveyed in two groups: shift worker and non-shift worker. The frequency of depression was measured by means of Beck questionnaire. Frequency of depression was compared in two groups. Results: Mean Beck point for non-shift-workers and shift-workers was 10.09  6.56 and 12.67  5.86, respectively and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: shift work is regarded as a risk factor for inducing depression. This study showed the higher frequency of depression in shift workers comparing to non-shift-workers which most of the previous studies had shown.

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Abstract Background: Occupational Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, either spontaneously or with treatment, airway inflammation and increased airway responsiveness due to workplace exposure. It is the most common occupational lung disease in developed countries. One of causative agent is metal fume that may be encountered in steel industries. In this study we determined occupational asthma prevalence in one steel factory and then we classified results according to various workshops. Methods: In this cross sectional study we determined workshops for 450 workers of steel industry by questionnaire. Then cross shift spirometry was done in all of them. Results: In cross shift spirometry we detected 14 occupational asthma cases. Highest prevalence was in catering (25%) and other workshops according to prevalence were welding (10%), construction (7%), scrap (5%), roller and lathes and melting (3%). Conclusion: There is great variability for occupational asthma in different workshops of steel industry. Highest prevalence was in catering that its exposures is different from other workshops in steel industry .It seems that this kind of exposures is more asthmogen than metal fumes

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Abstract Background: Occupational exposures are among the common causes of respiratory diseases. Exposure to the natural fibers as cotton, hemp, flax, and jute can lead to some acute and chronic respiratory diseases among textile workers. One of the most important diseases related to natural fibers is byssinosis. This study was performed to assess and compare spirometric indices between textile workers with or without exposure to natural fibers in during a shift-work on the first day of the work week after a period of absence from work. Methods: This is a cohort study on 320 textile workers in two groups: 160 textile workers exposed to natural fibers (case group) and 160 textile workers without exposure to natural fibers (control group). After filling a demographic questionnaire for all subjects, Across-shift change in spirometric indices was measured and compared between two groups. Results: According to the results of this survey, in all workers who are working in the textile industry has seen a drop in indices of spirometry during shift work. With the difference that rate decline in these indices in people with face to natural fibers is very significant. In these people decrement of FVC is 16.91% and in people who are not faced is 3.11%, and decline of FEV1 in people exposed is 3.12% while in people without exposure is 0.51%. Conclusion: Results of this study was demonstrated that more decline in spirometric indices FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1% among textile workers who exposed with natural fibers and two parameters include age and employment duration had significant effect on changes in spirometric indices.

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Abstract Background: A large number of workers all over the world work in shift work schedules. Shift work and especially night work can disturb normal body rhythm especially sleep-wake cycle. Nurses as a member of health care workers should work in days and nights. Shift work in addition to its effect on nurse’s personal life can affect his (her) alertness and can decrease productivity and eventually endangers patients’ life. Methods: In this cross-sectional study nurses working in the hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences were divided into two groups: shift workers (case) and fixed day workers (control). These groups were matched for age, and employment duration. All subjects were selected from different hospital wards. We used two questionnaires, a questionnaire about demographic data and Epworth sleepiness scale. Questionnaires were filled by the nurses under direct supervision of the researcher. Data were analyzed using SPSS (ver. 17) by T test and chi square test. Results: 55 subjects were assessed in each group. Mean ESS point was 8.07 and 6.80 in case and control groups, respectively. This difference was statistically significant. Sleepiness was observed in 29.1% and 14.5% of cases and controls, respectively, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In all, sleepiness was not so common among nurses and in spite of higher frequency of sleepiness among cases the difference was not statistically significant.

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Abstract Background: Occupational accidents are a non-separable part of workplaces especially industrial settings. These accidents lead to long-term off-work periods, impairment and disability among experienced workers and eventually affect industrial productivity. This study was designed to assess registered occupational accidents in different industries in Yazd. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study on the files of registered occupational accidents in a 1-year period from March 2007 till March 2008, 533 occupational accidents were evaluated. Results: Among all industries, metal and construction had the highest frequency of accidents (24.7%). Accidents mostly occurred in the morning (65.7%). The most frequent type of accidents was entrapment (32%). These accidents had led to death (10.8%), and permanent impairment (9.3%). Conclusion: According to the results of this study a considerable amount of occupational accidents lead to impairment and disability, so more attention to worker training, safety measures and using appropriate personal protective devices is recommended.

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Introduction: Noise Induced Hearing Loss(NIHL) is among the most common occupational diseases which may cause irreversible and permanent hearing loss. Noise is the most frequent preventable occupational exposure. The most importanmt cause of NIHL is exposure to noise more than 85 dB and not to use hearing protection devices. Considering the importance of hearing protection deivices for prevention of NIHL, this study was designed to evaluate the frequency of its use and its quality in Yazd industrial workers. Methods: In a cross-sectional study 648 industrial workers in Yazd entered the study and were evaluated for exposure to noise more than 85 dB and the quality of use of hearing protection devices. A questionnaire about the need for hearing protection devices, the quality of its use, using proper device and the reasons to abstain from using was filled for each participant. Results: Mean age and duration of employment of workers was 34.8±9.67 years and 9± 6.2 years. 21% of the workers used hearing protection devices and from these 35.7% used proper device and 54 (64.3%) used nonproper device. There was a significant statistical relationship between age, employment duration, and workers’ income and hearing protection device use. The most frequent reason for not to use devices was worker’s discomfort while wearing protection devices. Conclusion: Frequency of exposure to noise was high, but frequency of using hearing protection devices was low. Most workers couldn’t use the devices correctly. Considering that NIHL is preventable, providing proper devices for workers and their training for correct use is necessary.

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Introduction: Lead has been recognized as one of the most dangerous occupational exposures that have acute and chronic effects on major organs of the human body such as the effects on central and peripheral nervous system, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular systems. Blood lead measurement is an essential step for early detection and treatment of lead poisoning. There are different methods for blood lead level measurement. Each has advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we compared the common methods for measuring blood lead level in terms of technique, accuracy, availability, and costs. Methods: Based on the available literature, we evaluated various methods of lead measurement and compared from different aspects. Results: Our studies have shown that “Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry” (ICP-MS) has the highest accuracy and the highest levels of costs among the available methods. After that, “Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry” (GFAAS) method have the best accuracy and is the most common procedure that used for the blood lead measurement in laboratories. “Anodic stripping voltammetry” (ASV) is a newer method and have lower costs and ease of use, but its accuracy is at a lower level. This method can be used on site as well. Conclusion: Comparison of different methods showed that we can apply any of these methods depending on desired accuracy, costs and existing facilities for lead measurement in occupational medicine. Using of new literatures in this field could help us to better evaluation of lead poisoning.

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Purpose:The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between perceived organizational support with employee's organizational commitment and job satisfaction among employees of Company of Narin Tile in Yazd province.

Research Methodology: In this research, research methodologies were Pearson and Path Analysis. Statistical population consisted  of all employees of Narin Tile Company. Among employees, 150 were chosen by stratified random sampling. Organizational support and job satisfaction were done on samples. According to the type of variable, and measurement level of variables, we made benefits from Pearson and Path Analysis.

Purpose: This research aimed to study the mediating effect of Job Satisfaction (JS) on the relationship between Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) of the employees of Narin Tile Company in Yazd, Iran.
Research Methodology: The (JS), (OCB), and (POS) questionnaires were administered to a sample of (n=200) participants; i.e., all employees of Narin Tile Company through stratified random sampling. Pearson Correlations and Path Analysis were used to test the hypothesized relationships.
Findings: Results indicate that job satisfaction (as mediator) had no significant effect on the relationship between Perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior; however, perceived organizational support had a strong meaningful effect on both organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction variables. Moreover, there was a strong significant positive correlation between the variables payment, fringe benefits as well as social interaction and the variable perceived organizational support.  The relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction was (r=.19).  Furthermore, findings demonstrate strong significant positive correlations between ‘altruism and conscience’ and ‘job satisfaction’ as well as between ‘fringe benefits, nature of work and social interactions’ and ‘Organizational Citizenship Behavior’.
Conclusion:  The study showed that the perceived organizational support (POS) of the employees had a significant effect in changing and promoting organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of the employees.  Also, it could improve employees’ job efficiency and performance at work.

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Abstract
Introduction: 
Lack of awareness of the principles and rules of ergonomics, inappropriate postures and frequent displacement of patients and loads Can cause musculoskeletal disorders in medical personnel. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of in-person training and social network education on the ergonomic risk factors and musculoskeletal of patient carrier personnel in the  Shahid Bahonar hospital of kerman.
Method:
The study has been done on 60 participants in Shahid Bahonar hospital. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 30. The first group were trained via in-person training method combined with practical work and questionings and the second group were trained via social networks and data were collected through a questionnaire demographic, the questionnaire made their assessment  awareness, Nordic questionnaire along with the scale of the investment rate and the numerical checklist PTAI before Training for one week, one month and six months periods after training and SPSS software was used to analyse the collected data.
Results:
low back pain is more prevalent among the patient-carrier personnel. With a significant level of 0.05 in the Wilcoxon test. The amount of P-value at the end of the six-month period in the amount of awareness and  PTAI training approaching scores in both methods was less than 0.05 at a significant correlation. And the amount of P-Value in the analysis of musculoskeletal complaints in the six-month period, conventional training methods in the neck, shoulder, lower back complaint, knees and feet, is less than 0.05 and has significant relationship.Social network education did not result in any significant relationship at the end of six months.
Conclusion:
According to the results based on exams ,in-person trainings or social network-based trainings both result in reduction of ergonomic risk factors , musculoskeletal complaints and muscular impact. The in-person education method was more effective rather than social network-based trainings.additionaly reliability of education’s effectiveness was meaningful only at the in-person education method.
 
Keywords: transfer of the patient, musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk factor
 
 

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Introduction: dentists are exposed to mercury vapor due to occupational exposure to amalgam Which can endanger their health. the aim of this study was to measure the concentration of urinary mercury in dental students and the restorative specialists one of the dental schools in Iran in order to determine the effect of mercury vapor on them.
Methods: The study population Including 40 dental students and 10 restoration specialists. Sample urine at the end of work time was collected, and the concentration of mercury in urine was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A questionnaire was completed to determine the effects of some personal and environmental factors on the amount of urinary mercury. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software.
Results: The mean concentration of urinary mercury in dental students was 15.18±4.34μg/L and the restoration specialists were 4.11±1.05μg/l. In addition, there was a significant difference between the concentrations of urinary mercury in the two groups (P <0.001). At specialist professors There was a negative correlation between urinary mercury and working hours per day (r=-0.78, p=0.007). Also, in this study, there was a significant relationship between urine mercury and sex, age, type of amalgam consumed, consumption of smoking and the number of amalgam restorations.
Conclusion: Although the level of urine mercury in all samples was lower The recommended amount of ACGIH .Finally, the study is recommended mercury level monitoring for regularly evaluation of the workplace.

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Introduction: Estimation of the maximum aerobic capacity to find a physiological fitness between worker and the work is of great importance. The purpose of this study was to estimate the highest aerobic capacity and physical work capacity of tile and ceramic workers.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 90 workers were randomly selected from tile and ceramic workers in Yazd. A questionnaire consisting of two parts was used as data collection tool. The first part of the questionnaire included demographic characteristics completed by the interview. In the second part, parameters including height, weight, BMI and heart rate were inserted in the questionnaire. The Queen step test was used to measure the maximum aerobic capacity. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman^,s test.
Results: The maximum aerobic capacity in tile and ceramic workers was estimated to be 3.60±.0.03 L/m. The results showed that aerobic capacity was significantly correlated with weight and body mass index. Also, there was no significant relationship between aerobic capacity, smoking and exercise, and education, but there was a significant relationship between gob title and aerobic capacity.
Conclusion: Weight, BMI and type of occupation affect the aerobic capacity of workers.