ارزیابی مقایسه‌ای وظایف بلند کردن دستی بار به سه روش KIM-LHC، WISHA و جداول Snook: مطالعه موردی در یک صنعت چاپی در یک صنعت چاپ Comparative assessment of manual load lifting tasks by three methods: KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables: A case study in printing industry 1 1 مقدمه: امروزه، اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی تهدیدی جدی برای نیروی کار تلقی می‌شوند و یکی از فعالیت‌هایی که منجر به بروز این مشکلات می‌شوند، وظایف بلندکردن بار هستند. کارگران شاغل در صنعت چاپ به‌ صورت گسترده درگیر بلندکردن بار هستند. لذا مطالعه حاضر، با هدف مقایسه نتایج ارزیابی وظایف بلندکردن بار به روش‌های KIM-LHC، WISHA و جداول Snook در یک صنعت چاپ انجام گرفته است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی، 58 نفر (در مجموع 64 وظیفه) از کارکنان یک صنعت چاپ در شهر تهران در سال 1396، با استفاده از سه روش KIM-LHC، WISHA و جداول Snook ارزیابی شدند و امتیازات نهایی و سطوح اقدامات لازم برای آن‌ها تعیین گردید. داده‌های آماری با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS.22 و با بهره‌گیری از آزمون‌های Chi-square و Fishers exact test مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که شیوع ناراحتی‌های اسکلتی عضلانی در اندام‌های تحتانی، بالا است. مقایسه ارزیابی وظایف بلندکردن بار به روش‌های WISHA و KIM-LHC، معناداریِ ارتباط آنها را نشان داد (005/0=p). همچنین ارتباط بین نتایج ارزیابی وظایف به روش‌های WISHA و جداول Snook معنادار بود (006/0=p). در نهایت مقایسه ارزیابی وظایف بلندکردن بار به روش‌های KIM-LHC و جداول Snook، حاکی از رابطه معنادار آن ها بود (046/0=p). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، همبستگی بالایی بین سه روش مذکور وجود دارد و می‌توان از آن‌ها به ‌صورت جایگزین در ارزیابی وظایف بلندکردن بار، در صنعت چاپ، استفاده نمود. 2 Introduction: today, musculoskeletal disorders are considered as a serious threat for workers, and one of the main activities, which lead to these problems, is lifting. Moreover, workers in printing industry are widely involved in inappropriate postures and lifting loads. The aim of this study was to compare the results of assessment of lifting tasks with KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables in printing industry. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total number of 58 employees (64 tasks in total) from a printing industry staff in Tehran were evaluated with three observational methods of KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables, and the final scores and necessary action levels were determined for them. Furthermore, statistical data were analyzed by SPSS (ver.22) software using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of lower limbs musculoskeletal discomforts was high. Comparing the results of load lifting assessment with WISHA and KIM-LHC methods showed that there was a significant relationship between these two methods (p=0.005). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the results of assessment through the WISHA and Snook tables methods (p=0.006), and finally the comparison of load lifting assessment results with KIM-LHC and Snook tables showed a significant relationship between these two methods (p=0.046). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there was a high correlation between the results of these three methods, and they can be used as an alternative in printing industry for assessment of the load lifting task. 1 11 2019/04/10 1398/1/21 2020/07/3 1399/4/13 سقراط عمری شکفتیک Soqrat Omari Shekaftik دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران soqratamary@gmail.com شهرام وثوقی Shahram Vosoughi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران vosoughi.sh@iums.ac.ir ژاله صدقی نوش آبادی Zhaleh Sedghi Noushabadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران zhaleh.sedghy@gmail.com آغافاطمه حسینی Fatemeh Hosseini دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران fatemeh_h@yahoo.com Musculoskeletal discomfort Lifting tasks assessment WISHA method KIM-LHC method Snook tables method ناراحتی‌های اسکلتی عضلانی ارزیابی وظایف بلندکردن بار روش WISHA روش KIM-LHC روش جداول Snook OK 1. Falaki S, Akbari H, Derakhshan M, Hannani M, Motalebi Kashani M. 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Validation of newly developed and redesigned key indicator methods for assessment of different working conditions with physical workloads based on mixed-methods design: a study protocol. BMJ open. 2017; 7(8): e015412.##7. Afifehzadeh-Kashani H, Choobineh A, Bakand S, Gohari M, Abbastabar H, Moshtaghi P. Validity and reliability of farsi version of Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ). 2011. [Persian]##8. ghotbizadeh s. study the current status of Iran's printing industry. Ministry of Culture & Islamic Guidance. 2014 [Available from: https://irprint.farhang.gov.ir/fa/article/2042/. [Persian]##9. Ashrafi E. Introduce a health and safety organization in print industry. Bristol: Print Industry Monthly; 2014. P. 387.##10. Koohpaei A, vosoughi S, mobinizadeh V, hasseli F, mohammadbeigi A. Musculoskeletal disorders’ risk factors assessment by rula and luba and comparing results in a printing and publication company. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2017;24(2):136-29. [Persian]##11. Steinberg U. New tools in Germany: development and appliance of the first two KIM (« lifting, holding and carrying" and" pulling and pushing") and practical use of these methods. Work. 2012; 41(Supplement 1): 3990-6.##12. Hesam G, Motamedzade M, Moradpour Z. Ergonomics intervention in poultry slaughter industry and evaluate the effectiveness by key indicators method (KIM). Journal of Ergonomics. 2014; 2(2): 9-19. [Persian]##13. WISHA Lifting Calculator: Washington State Department of Labor and Industries; [Available from: http://ergo-plus.com/wisha-lifting-calculator/.##14. Asadi N, Choobineh A, Keshavarzi S, Daneshmandi H. A comparative assessment of manual load lifting using NIOSH equation and WISHA index methods in industrial workers of Shiraz City. Journal of health sciences and surveillance system. 2015;3(1):8-12. [Persian]##15. Middlesworth M. A Step-by-Step Guide to the WISHA Lifting Calculator: Ergonomics Plus; [Available from: http://ergo-plus.com/wisha-lifting-calculator-guide/.##16. Snook Tables Calculator (Lifting and Lowering) [Available from: http://ergo-plus.com/Snook-tables-calculator-lifting-and-lowering/.##17. Noori Javadi I. Assessment of Manual Material Handling by Snook tables in Hamadan casting manufactories. Iran Occupational Health. 2013; 10(1): 60-9. [Persian]##18. Middlesworth M. A Step-by-Step Guide to Using the Snook Tables: Ergonomics Plus; [Available from: http://ergo-plus.com/Snook-tables/.##19. Giahi O, Sarabi M, Khoubi J, Darvishi E. The effect of ergonomic intervention in reducing musculoskeletal disorders by Snook table method in a steel industry. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research. 2014; 2(2). [Persian]##20. Mohammadi H, Motamedzade M, Faghih MA, Bayat H, Mohraz MH, Musavi S. Manual Material Handling Assessment Among Workers of Iranian Casting Workshops. 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مقایسه اثربخشی مداخلات کنترل‌ مهندسی و مدیریتی بر سطوح ریسک مخاطرات شغلی در وظیفه‌ی پرستار اورژانس بیمارستان شهید رهنمون یزد Effect of Engineering and Management interventions on risk level of hazards in task of Emergency nurses shahid rahnamoon hospital of Yazd 1 1 مقدمه: پرستاران بخش اورژانس در معرض خطرات شغلی هستند. آنالیز ایمنی شغلی(JSA ) راهی برای شناسایی و ارزیابی ریسک خطرات مرتبط با شغل و ارائه راهکارهای کنترلی در جهت کاهش خطرات می‌باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف کاربرد آنالیز ایمنی شغلی و مقایسه اثربخشی مداخلات کنترلی( مهندسی و مدیریتی) در وظیفه‌ی پرستار اورژانس انجام پذیرفت. روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر، مطالعه مداخله‌ای است که به منظور ارزیابی ریسک به روش آنالیز ایمنی شغلی( JSA) در سه گروه پرستاران تریاژ، مسئول دفتر و ترومابستری بخش اورژانس بیمارستان شهید رهنمون یزد در سال 1397 اجرا گردید. ابتدا کد ارزیابی ریسک اولیه(قبل از مداخله) خطرات برآورد شد، سپس کنترل‌ها‌ی مهندسی و مدیریتی اعمال و پس از بازه‌ی زمانی سه ماهه کد ارزیابی ریسک ثانویه( بعد از مداخله) محاسبه گردید. یافته‌ها: براساس نتایج بدست آمده از پژوهش، خطر اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی با عدد ریسک 20، بیشترین ریسک در هر 3 گروه پرستار اورژانس شناسایی گردید و همینطور میانگین کد ارزیابی ریسک اولیه خطرات شغلی در پرستاران محاسبه گردید که در محدوده ریسک غیرقابل قبول قرار گرفتند و پس از انجام مداخلات مدیریتی و مهندسی به سطح قابل قبول رسیده است. نتیجه گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد شد که اجرای مداخلات مهندسی و مدیریتی تاثیر مثبتی در کاهش میانگین کد ارزیابی ریسک داشته و همچنین نشان داده شد که کد ارزیابی ریسک برای خطرات شغلی با اجرای هر کدام از مداخلات مهندسی و مدیریتی به میزان تقریبا یکسانی کاهش یافته است که این موضوع بیانگر نقش یکسان این مداخلات در کاهش سطح ریسک می‌باشد. 2 Background: Emergency ward nurses exposed to occupational hazards. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a way to identify and assessment job-related risks and provide control strategies to reduce risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Job Safety Analysis and compare the effectiveness of control (engineering and management) interventions in emergency nursing. Methods: This is an interventional study performed to assessment the risk by Job Safety Analysis (JSA) in three groups of nurses Triage، Group Leader and Trauma-Hospitalization hospital emergency department of Yazd Shahid Rahnamoon Hospital in 1397. First, the initial risk assessment code (pre-intervention) estimated, then the engineering and management controls implemented and the secondary risk assessment code (after intervention) calculated after three months. Results: According to the results of the study، risk of musculoskeletal disorders with risk score of 20, identified as the highest risk in all three emergency nursing groups، also mean risk assessment code for the occupational hazards in nurses calculated which were in the unacceptable risk range and reached an acceptable level after performing management and engineering interventions. Conclusion: results of this study showed that the implementation of engineering and management interventions had a positive effect on reducing the mean risk assessment code، also shown that the risk assessment code for occupational hazards reduced to Almost the same amount with the implementation of each engineering and management intervention. This indicates the same role of these interventions in reducing the risk level. 12 22 2019/04/102019/06/26 1398/4/5 2020/07/32020/07/3 1399/4/13 ساناز زیبایی کاریزی sanaz zibaei karizi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی شهید صدوقی یزد، ایران ایران s_zibayi@yahoo.com علیرضا اسماعیلی alireza esmaeili استادیار، بخش اورژانس پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی شهید صدوقی یزد، ایران ایران alirezaesmaeili1@gmail.com آفرین اخوان afarin akhavan استادیار گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد ایران akhavan@sau.ac.ir غلامحسین حلوانی gholam hossein halvani استادیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی شهید صدوقی یزد، ایران ایران halvani39@gmail.com emergency nurse JSA control risk assessment اورژانس پرستار JSA کنترل ارزیابی ریسک 1-Chanamool N, Naenna T. Fuzzy FMEA application to improve decision-making process in an emergency department. Applied Soft Computing. 2016;43:441-53.##2-Puraghaei M, Tabrizi JS, Ghiami R, Elmdust N. Study of Risks in emergency department at Tabriz Imam Reza hospital. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2015;58(6):302-9. [Persian]##3-Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Guidotti TL, Smith GS. Occupational injuries among emergency medical services personnel. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2005;9(4):405-11.##4-Timmins P. Occupational health and safety risk factors for rural and metropolitan nurses: comparative results from a national nurses survey: Australian Safety and Compensation Council; 2008.##5-arab m, HOSSEINI M, panahi m, khalili z. OCCUPATIONAL NURSING HAZARDS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT IN TRAINING HOSPITALS AFFILIATED TO TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. 2015. [Persian]##6-Shahaba Sudabeh ، Nouri jafar ، barani sima، Shahaba Somayeh، Nourbakhsh Seyyed Zahra. 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Risk assessment and management of an emergency military field using FMEA method. Military Medicine Journal. 2008;10(3):167-74. [Persian]##17-haljahi m, namrudi s. Identification and assessment of hazard risks in a flour mill by the JSA and FMEA methodology. Journal of health research in community. 2017;3(3):82-9. [Persian]##18-aghdoost AA, Hajihosseini F, Hojjati H. Relationship between the musculoskeletal disorders with the ergonomic factors in nurses. Koomesh. 2011;12(4):372-8. [Persian]##19-Karimian R, Rahnama N, Karimian M, Janbozorgi A. Ergonomic Evaluation of the Risk of Suffering from Musculoskeletal Disorders in Nurses with Quick Exposure Check (QEC) and the Effect of 8-week selected Corrective Exercises and Ergonomic Occupational Intervention on their Exposure Rate. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2015;5(2):210-8. [Persian]##20-Hazavehei SMM, Moghadam K, Melika S, Bagheri Kholenjani F, Ebrahimi H. 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مقایسه کیفیت هوای محیط کار و کاربرد تکنیک زمین آمار در توزیع مکانی 5/2 PM و 10 PM در تعدادی از کارگاه‌های صنعتی Comparison of work environment air quality and application of geostatistic technique in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 in a number of industrial workshops 1 1 مقدمه: کیفیت هوا در کارگاههای صنعتی توسط عوامل زیانآور شیمیایی مختلفی تحت تأثیر قرار میگیرد. هدف این مطالعه مقایسه کیفیت هوای محیط کار تعدادی از کارگاههای صنعتی بر اساس تراکم جرمی و تعداد ذرات معلق در هوا و اجرای روش زمین آمار کریجینگ در صنایع است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مشاهدهای در چهار کارگاه صنعتی شامل کارگاههای تفکیک ضایعات مسی، نورد و برش، ریختهگری و ذوب مس، تولید محصولات آلومینیومی و تولید شیشه دوجداره انجام شد. با استفاده از نمونهبردار Particle Mass Counter مدل Tes 5200، تراکم جرمی و تراکم تعداد ذرات معلق در ردیف قطرهای مختلف اندازهگیری شد. نقشه توزیع مکانی 5/2PM و 10PM در هریک از کارگاهها با استفاده از روش زمین آمار کریجینگ در محیط GIS نسخه 5/10 تهیه شد. نتایج: بیشترین تراکم جرمی (mg/m3 42/8) و تراکم تعداد (Particle/lit 445058 در حالت افتراقی و Particle/lit 885446 در حالت تجمعی) در کارگاه تولید محصولات آلومینیومی اندازهگیری شد. بیشترین تراکم جرمی و تراکم تعداد ذرات معلق به ترتیب برای ردیف قطرهای µm 10 و µm 5/0 به دست آمد. تفسیر نقشههای کریجینگ نشان داد نواحی مختلفی نظیر کوره تابش، پرس قراضه، کوره ذوب آلومینیوم، الک، دستگاه دیاموند، کوره شیشه و قالبهای شمش در کارگاههای مورد مطالعه بیشترین فراوانی 5/2 PM و 10PM را دارند. نتیجه گیری: اجرای عملیات کنترل مهندسی نظیر نصب سیستمهای تهویه در سالنها و طراحی و نصب هود موضعی در بخش‌های ورودی کوره ذوب آلومینیوم و الک در کارگاه تولید محصولات آلومینیومی و قالبهای شمش مس در کارگاه ریخته‌گری و ذوب مس جهت بهبود کیفیت هوا ضروری است. 2 Introduction: Air quality in industrial workshops is affected by various harmful chemical agents. Purpose of this study was to compare work environment air quality in a number of industrial workshops based on the mass concentration and number of suspended particles in air and application of Kriging geostatistical method in industries. Materials and Methods: This observational study was carried out in four workshops including cuprous waste separation works, rolling and cutting, casting and copper smelting, manufacturing aluminum products and double-glazed glass production. Using particle mass counter sampler of Tes 5200 model, mass concentration and number concentration of suspended particles in row of different diameters were measured. The spatial distribution map of PM2.5 and PM10 in each of workshops was prepared using Kriging geostatistic method in GIS environment Version 10.5. Results: The highest mass concentration (8.42 mg/m3) and number concentration (445058 Particle/lit in differential mode and 885446 Particle/lit in cumulative mode) were measured in the manufacturing aluminum products workshop. The highest mass concentration and number concentration of suspended particles were obtained for row diameters of 10 µm and 0.5 µm, respectively. Interpretation of Kriging maps showed that various areas of the industries such as radiation furnace, scrap press, aluminum smelter, sieve, diamond machine, glass furnace and ingot molds had the highest frequency of PM2.5 and PM10. Conclusion: Engineering control actions such as installation of ventilation systems in halls and design and installation of a local hood in the entrance sections of the aluminum smelting furnace and sieve in manufacture of aluminum products workshop and copper ingot molds in casting and smelting workshop is essential for improved air quality. 23 35 2019/04/102019/06/262019/04/15 1398/1/26 2020/07/32020/07/32020/07/3 1399/4/13 سعید شجاعی برجوئی Saeed shojaee barjoee دانشگاه یزد ایران said.shojaee71@gmail.com حمید رضا عظیم زاده Hamid Reza azimzadeh دانشگاه یزد ایران hamidrezaazimzadeh@gmail.com Suspended particles Geostatistics Aerodynamic diameter Industrial Workshops Mass Concentration Number Concentration ذرات معلق زمین آمار قطر آئرودینامیکی کارگاه‌های صنعتی تراکم جرمی تراکم تعداد 1. Abolhasannejad V, Javad Assari M. An overview of methods and instruments for the assessment of occupational exposure to nanoparticles. Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering. 2015; 2(1):1-14. [Persian]##2. Nasrallahi Z, Ghaffari M. Air Pollution in Iran's Manufacturing Industries (Case Study: CO2 and NOx emissions from fossil fuels consumption). Quarterly Journal of Empirical Economics Studies of Iran. 2015; 1(1).##3. He RW, Li YZ, Xiang P, Li C, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Impact of particle size on distribution and human exposure of flame retardants in indoor dust. Environmental research. 2018; 162:166-72.##4. He R W, Li Y Z, Xiang P, Li C, Cui X Y, Ma L Q. Impact of particle size on distribution and human exposure of flame retardants in indoor dust. Environmental research. 2018; 162, 166-172.##5. Kong S F, Han B, Bai ZP, Receptor modeling of PM2.5, PM10 and TSP in different seasons and long-range transport analysis at a coastal site of Tianjin, China, Sci. Total Environ. 2010; 408 :4681–4694.##6. Shojaee Barjoee S, Azimzadeh H, kuchakzadeh M, MoslehArani A, Sodaiezadeh H. Dispersion and Health Risk Assessment of PM10 Emitted from the Stacks of a Ceramic and Tile industry in Ardakan, Yazd, Iran, Using the AERMOD Model. Iran South Med J. 2019; 22 (5):317-332. [Persian]##7. Sajedifar j, Kokabi A H, Azam K, Dehghan S F, Karimi A, Golbabaei F. The comparative assessment of welding fumes based on mass and number concentration. Journal of Health and safety at work. 2016; 6(4). [Persian] ##8. Golbabaii F, Mokhtari A A, Rahimi A, Shahtaheri SJ. Evaluation of workers’ exposure to Metalworking Fluid (MWF) mist factors affecting its dispersion in an automobile manufacturing factory. journal of kermanshah university of medical sciences. 2007;4(12): 413-423. [Persian]##9. Azimi M, Mansouri Y, Rezai Hachasu V, Aminaei F, MihanPour H, Zare Sakhvidi MJ. Assessment of respiratory exposure of workers with airborne particles in a ceramic tile industry: a case study. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal. 2018;10(1):45-53. [Persian]##10. Safinejad M, Azari MR, Zendehdel R, Rafieepour A, Khodakarim S, Khodarahmi B. Occupational and biological monitoring of workers exposed to airborne dust in Gol-e-Gohar Iron Ore mine. Health. 2019;16(1):23-32. [Persian]##11. Tavakol E, Azari MR, Salehpour S, Khodakarim S. Determination of construction workers’ exposure to respirable crystalline silica and respirable dust. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2016;3(4):263-70. [Persian]##12. Moussavi Najarkola SA, Mirzaei R. The Role of GIS in Occupational Health Practice: A New Approach. Health Scope. 2013; 2(3):116-8.##13. Madjidi F, Arghami S, Nadirkhanloo Z. Application of GIS to study Illuminance in Workplace. Iran Occupational Health. 2016:12(6):81-8.##14. Mohammadi Kaji S, Zare Sakhvidi M J, barkhordari A, mostaghasi M, Zare Sakhvidi F, Ghorbani R, Soltani gerd Faramarzi R .The Application of GIS and Durable Contaminated Maps of Dust in the Workplace with the Purpose of Assessing Inhalation Exposure. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 2016. 8(1): 34-42. [Persian]##15. Dehghan R, Rahimi M, nejad koorki F, Afshani A, Amini M. Comparison of Dispersion of Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide and Unburned Hydrocarbon Gases in Combustion Chamber of Gas and Gasoline Cars in the Years 2009-2013 in Shiraz. jehe. 2019; 7 (1) :1-10. [Persian]##16. Lee MH, McClellan WJ, Candela J, Andrews D, Biswas P. Reduction of nanoparticle exposure to welding aerosols by modification of the ventilation system in a workplace. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2007; 9(1):127-36.##17. Golbabaei F, Faghihi Zarandi A, Ebrahimnezhad P, Baneshi Mohammad R, Mohseni Takloo H, Shokri A R , Panahi D. Assessment of Occupational Exposure of a Cement Production Plant with Inhalable Dust Crystal and Crystalline Silica. Journal of Health and Safety. 2012; 2 (1). [Persian]##18. Faroki H, Shiyardeh M, Shojaee S. An investigation of mass concentration, number, and distribution of dust particles in the main parts of the UPVC factory. Studies Science Environmetal. 2019: 1 (4):954-964. [Persian]##19. Buonanno G, Morawska L, Stabile L. Exposure to welding particles in automotive plants. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2011;42(5):295-304.##20. Stephenson D, Seshadri G, Veranth JM. Workplace exposure to submicron particle mass and number concentrations from manual arc welding of carbon steel. AIHA. 2003;64(4):516-21.## ##

مقایسه تعهد سازمانی، استرس شغلی و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی افراد حادثه دیده و حادثه ندیده در پالایشگاه اصفهان Comparison of organizational commitment, job stress and personality traits among injured and non-injured employees of Isfahan refinery 1 1 مقدمه: هر چند رشد علمی بشر در دهه های اخیر، باعث پیشرفت و افزایش رفاه برای انسان شده است. اما پیامدهای منفی دیگری از جمله حوادث ناشی از کار را نیز در بر داشته است. میزان بروز حوادث شغلی در کشورهای مختلف جهان به ویژه در بخش صنایع بسیار زیاد و با توسعه صنایع رو به افزایش نیز است. از این رو شناسایی عوامل اثر گذار بر آن دارای اهمیت و اولویت ویژه ای می باشد. لذا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه تعهدسازمانی، استرس شغلی و ویژگی های شخصیتی افراد حادثه دیده و حادثه ندیده در پالایشگاه اصفهان انجام شد. روش بررسی: روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی و به لحاظ طبقه بندی پژوهش از نوع علی مقایسه ای و جامعه آماری پژوهش را کلیه کارکنان عملیاتی حادثه دیده و حادثه ندیده تشکیل داده اند که از میان آنها تعداد 100 نفر به روش در دسترس در دو گروه 50 نفری به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. در این پژوهش، پرسشنامه های پرسشنامه تعهد سازمانی (الن و می یر ، 1990)، پرسشنامه استرس شغلی (لمبرت و همکاران، 2007) ، پرسشنامه ویژگی های شخصیتی (مک کرا و کاستا، 2004) مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج: داده های حاصل از پرسشنامه ها با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره و تک متغیره، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج تحلیل واریانس نشان داد که دو گروه کارکنان حادثه دیده و حادثه ندیده در متغیر استرس شغلی و تعهد عاطفی تفاوت معنا داری دارند (05/0 ≥p)، اما تفاوت آن ها در سایر متغیرهای پژوهش معنی دار نبود (05/0 <p). نتیجه گیری: براساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر می توان چنین نتیجه گیری نمود که افزایش تعهد سازمانی و کاهش ادراک استرس شغلی می توانند در کاهش نرخ حوادث شغلی تاثیر گذار باشند. براین اساس، شناسائی عوامل اثر گذار بر استرس شغلی و تعهد سازمانی توسط مدیران صنایع و سیاستگزاران می تواند در جهت کاهش نرخ بروز حوادث شغلی، موثر باشد. 2 Background: In recent decades, scientific growth has led to industrial progress and increased welfare for humans. But there are other unintended consequences, including work-related accidents. The incidence of occupational accidents in the various countries of the world, especially in the industrial sector, is increasing over time. So that occupational accidents are one of the most important problems in developing countries today. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the organizational commitment, job stress, and personality traits of injured and non-injured employees in Isfahan Refinery Company. Methods: The research method is descriptive and in terms of comparative causal research, the statistical population of the study was 420 people and the number of unfortunate incidents in the number of 238 people in the autumn of 1397-39, totally 658 people, among whom A total of 100 poeple were selected via convenience sampling in two groups of 50. In this research Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Ellen & Miller, 1990), Job Stress Questionnaire (Lambert et al., 2007), Personality Characteristics Questionnaire (McCrae &, 2004) were used. Results: The data were analyzed by using multivariate and one-variable variance analysis. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of injured and non-injured employees in the job stress and affective commitment, but their differences in normative and continuance commitment and personality traits were not significant. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that workplace accidents could be decreased through increasing of affective commitment and decreasing of job stress. Therefore, the need to pay attention to these factors should be considered by policymakers, scientists and practitioners. 36 47 2019/04/102019/06/262019/04/152019/11/2 1398/8/11 2020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/3 1399/4/13 علی مهداد Ali Mehdad اصفهان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) ایران alimahdad.am@gmail.com مهدی مولوی Mehdi Molavi اصفهان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) ایران mahdi.molavi92@gmail.com Organizational commitment Job stress Personality traits occupational accidents Isfahan refinery. تعهد سازمانی استرس شغلی ویژگی های شخصیتی حوادث شغلی پالایشگاه اصفهانفهان 1. Ghasemi Z. Mehdad A. Comparison of Personality Characteristics and Attitude toward Safety among Incident and Non-Incident Staff. Iranian Journal of Occupational Health. 2018; 14 (6): 47-56. [Persian].##2. Mehdad A. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2018, 13th Edition, Tehran: Jungle Publications, 560 pages, 2018. [Persian].##3. Ghamari F. determintion of effective risk factors in incidence of occupational accidents in one of the large metal industrial risk. Arak (2005-2007). Iran occupational health. 2013, 9(4).89-96.##4. Clarke S. the relationship between safety climate and safety performance: a meta-analytic review, journal of occupational health psychology 2006: 11(4): 315.##5. Gauchard GC. Individual characteristics in occupational accidents due to imbalance: a case control study of the employees of a railway company. Occupational and environmental medicine 2003: 60(5): 330-5.##6. Anponseh. K. Mensel T. Occupational Health and Safety and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian Mining Industry. Safety and Health at Work Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2016, Pages 225-230.##7. Ghahramani A, Abbasi A. Assessment of the Relationship between occupational accident experience and personal and job factors in tar paper manufacturing companies. Iran occupational health. 2016; 12 (6): 48-57 [Persian].##8. Allen NJ, Meyer JP. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology. (1996). 63, 1,## 76-87.##9. Khani, F., Samsam Shariat, S. Atashpour, S. The Relationship between Sleep Disorders and Occupational Accidents with the Mediating Role of Burnout in Isfahan Road Drivers in 2012. Cognitive-Analytical Psychology, (2012). 13, 91- 104. [Persian].##10. Kiani F, Samavatyan H, Poorabdian S. Job Stress and the rate of reported incidents among workers’ Isfahan Steel Company: the role of mediator work pressure. Iranian Journal of Occupational Health. 2011; 8 (3): 3-10 [Persian].##11. Negahdary H. Negahdary H. Evaluation of the relationship between occupational stress and insecurity with occupational accidents in working electric workers. (2011) Hassan and the environment. Article 2, No. 4 pp. 14-7. Management Studies Nos. 35 and 36. [Persian].##12. Zare M. Abedi K. Halvani Gh. Barhkordary A, Aminpour M. An Investigation of Occupational Stress in Hormozgan Ports and Shipping Workers and its Relationship to Non-fatal Accidents. Journal of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.(2009) Volume 17, Issue 3, pp. 148-142. [Persian].##13. Soori H, Rahimi M, Mohseni H. Association between Job Stress and Work-Related Injuries: A Case-Control. irje. 2006; 1 (3 and 4): 53-58. [Persian].##14. Mohammadfam I, Bahrami A, Fatemi F, Golmohammadi R, Mahjub H. Evaluation of the Relationship between Job Stress and Unsafe Acts with Occupational Accidents in a Vehicle Manufacturing Plant. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2008; 15 (3): 60-66, [Persian].##15. Mohammad Fam. I. Investigation of Occupational Accidents and Related Factors in Aluminum Production Company (2001). Journal of Scientific Research, No. 19 pp. 18-18. [Persian]. ##16. Kim. W., Park. K. Jin. S. Safety Climate and Occupational Stress According to Occupational Accidents Experience and Employment Type in Shipbuilding Industry of Korea. Safety and Health at Work, Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2017, Pages 290-295.##17. Li C., Jiang FC. Job stress and dissatisfaction in association with non-fatal injuries on the job in a cross sectional sample of petrochemical workers. Occup Med 2012; 51 (7):50-55.##18. Mohammad fam I, Kianfar A,Mahmodi sh .Evaluation of Relationship between Job Stress and Unsafe Acts with Occupational Accident Rates in a Vehicle Manufacturing in Iran 2010-5435/10/22-85-90 International Journal Of Occupational Hygiene 2010 By Iranian Occupational Health Association (IOHA) IIJOH 2: 85-90 [Persian].##19. Golparvar M., Nairi Sh, Mehdad A. Patterns of Job Stress Prevention, Emotional Exhaustion and Deviant Behaviors of Leadership Management and Ethical Values. Journal of Applied Psychology, (2010) 4 (1/13) 25-7. [Persian].##20. Habibi E, valipoor E, Hasanzadeh A. A survey of the relationship between safety culture, personality characteristics and accidents in Steel Company workers. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal. 2017; 9 (3): 83-97 [Persian].##21. Karimi A, Habibi E, Dehghan Sharreza H, Mohleky B, Noory A. Comparison of Personality Variables of Incident and Unseen Workers in Isfahan. (2017) Journal of Health System Research. 13 (12). Pp. 217-211. [Persian].##22. Neissi A, Hashemi Sheykhshaba E, Rahimi Pordanjani T, Arshadi N, Beshlideh K. Investigating personal, cognitive and organizational variables as predictors of unsafe behaviors among line workers in an industrial company. JHSW. 2013; 3 (2):13-26. [Persian].##23. Rahimi R. Ebrahimi M. Personality traits as predictors of occupational accident rates among workers of Khorasan Petrochemical Company. (2015) Iran healthy journal. [Persian].##24. Khoshnevis E, afroz GH. Esmaeli A. the contribution of risk perception based on personal characteristics on dangerous drivers. J. applied psycho. 2014: 8(30). 71-84 [Persian].##25. Parvin John. Personality, theory and research. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Ja'far Javadi and Dr. Parvin Kadivar. (2010). Third grade Tehran AYJ. [Persian].##26. Ozer, DJ, Matinez, V, B. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, (2006) 57, 401-421.##27. McCrae R.R, Costa P.T. Rotation to maximize the Construct validity of factors in the NEO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research. (1989). VOL 24 (1). 107-124.##28. Delaware Ali, Experimental Designs in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Khomeh Publications, 2016/12/01. [Persian].##29. Shokrkon, H, beshlideh K, haghighi J. personality variables, cognitive, institutional and bio-physical as predictors of victims among employees of a company in Ahvaz. Journal of Educational studies. Chamran University 2006; 3(1-2):83-112. [Persian].##30. Mehdad A. Malekzadeh M. Structural Patterns of the Relationship between Malicious Leadership and Job Stress with Deviant Behaviors. Journal of Social Psychology. (2018)Twelfth Year No. 46 pp. 1-13.##31. Grosse Farshi, M. Standardization of the New Neo-personality Test (NEO) and Analytical Investigation of its Characteristics and Factor Structure among Iranian University Students. Unpublished dissertation. (2001) Masters. Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Psychology. [Persian].##32. Kiamehr J. Standardization of the short form of NEO-FFI-R and investigation of factorial structure (confirmatory analysis) among the humanities’ students of Tehran University. [PhD thesis]. Tehran: University of Allame Tabatabai; 2003 [Persian].##33. McCrae RR. Costa PT. A contemplated revision of NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 2004; 36:587-596.## ##

برآورد میزان ظرفیت هوازی به روش تست پله در کارگران یکی از کارخانجات کاشی شهر یزد در سال 1396 Estimation of the aerobic capacity by step test in the workers of a tile factory in Yazd in 2017 1 1 مقدمه: اندازه‌گیری حداکثر ظرفیت هوازی، اهمیت زیادی در ایجاد تناسب و تطابق فیزیولوژیک بین کارگر و کار دارد. این مطالعه باهدف برآورد ظرفیت هوازی و ظرفیت کار فیزیکی کارگران کاشی و سرامیک انجام‌شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تحلیلی مقطعی 90 نفر از کارگران مرد کارخانه کاشی و سرامیک در شهر یزد، به‌صورت تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. از پرسشنامه متشکل از دو بخش به‌عنوان ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها استفاده شد. بخش اول مربوط به ویژگی‌های دموگرافیک بود که به روش مصاحبه تکمیل می‌شد. در بخش دوم پرسشنامه پارامترهای قد، وزن، BMI و تعداد ضربان قلب درج می‌گردید. از روش تست پله کویین برای اندازه‌گیری حداکثر ظرفیت هوازی استفاده شد. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده پس از ورود به نرم‌افزار SPSS به کمک آزمون‌های من ویتنی و کروسکال والیس و ضریب همبستگی تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. نتایج: بیشترین ظرفیت هوازی در کارگران کاشی و سرامیک 036/0±60/3 لیتر در دقیقه برآورد شد. نتایج نشان داد ظرفیت هوازی با وزن و شاخص توده بدنی دارای ارتباط معنادار است. همچنین آزمون آماری نشان داد که بین ظرفیت هوازی و استعمال دخانیات و ورزش کردن و میزان تحصیلات ارتباط معنادار وجود ندارد ولی بین نوع شغل و میزان توان هوازی ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: وزن و BMI و نوع شغل از عوامل تأثیرگذار بر ظرفیت هوازی کارگران می‌باشد. 2 Introduction: Estimation of the maximum aerobic capacity to find a physiological fitness between worker and the work is of great importance. The purpose of this study was to estimate the highest aerobic capacity and physical work capacity of tile and ceramic workers. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 90 workers were randomly selected from tile and ceramic workers in Yazd. A questionnaire consisting of two parts was used as data collection tool. The first part of the questionnaire included demographic characteristics completed by the interview. In the second part, parameters including height, weight, BMI and heart rate were inserted in the questionnaire. The Queen step test was used to measure the maximum aerobic capacity. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman,s test. Results: The maximum aerobic capacity in tile and ceramic workers was estimated to be 3.60±.0.03 L/m. The results showed that aerobic capacity was significantly correlated with weight and body mass index. Also, there was no significant relationship between aerobic capacity, smoking and exercise, and education, but there was a significant relationship between gob title and aerobic capacity. Conclusion: Weight, BMI and type of occupation affect the aerobic capacity of workers. 48 56 2019/04/102019/06/262019/04/152019/11/22018/07/24 1397/5/2 2020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/3 1399/4/13 معصومه بهرامی عیسی آبادی masumeh bahrami دانشگاه شهید صدوقی یزد ایران masumebahrami9344@gmail.com فاطمه قنائی خالدآبادی fatemeh Ghanaei- khaledabadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران fatemehghanaei69@gmail.com سید جلیل میرمحمدی Jalil Mirmohammadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران jalilmirmohamadi2@yahoo.com محسن عسکری شاهی Mohsen Askari Shahi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران m.askari@ssu.ac.ir ابوالفضل برخورداری Abolfazl Barkhordari دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران ohazzd@gmail.com مائده حبیبی maede habibi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان ایران maedehabibi1994@yahoo.com امیرهوشنگ مهرپرور Amir Houshang Mehrparvar دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران ah.mehrparvar@gmail.com Maximum aerobic capacity Physical work capacity Queen step test حداکثر ظرفیت هوازی ظرفیت انجام کار فیزیکی تست پله کویین ## ##

برآورد هزینه‌های مستقیم و غیرمستقیم جراحات ناشی از حوادث شغلی مطالعه موردیدر یکی از صنایع پالایشی ایران در سال 1394 Estimation of direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries: A case study in one of the refining industries in Iran in 2015 1 1 مقدمه: جراحات ناشی از حوادث شغلی می‌تواند هزینه قابل‌توجهی برای اقتصاد کشور داشته باشد. دسترسی به اطلاعات جراحات شغلی در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه به دلیل ضعف سیستم‌های گزارشدهی و ثبت معمولاً به‌طور کامل میسر نیست که در نتیجه باعث می‌شود برآورد دقیق هزینه‌های این حوادث دشوار باشد. هدف از این مطالعه برآورد هزینه‌های مستقیم و غیرمستقیم ناشی از جراحات شغلی در یکی از صنایع پالایشی ایران است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مقطعی بر روی تمامی جراحات شغلی شامل جراحات سرپایی تا مرگ رخ‌داده در سال 94 صورت گرفت. داده‌ها بر اساس رویکرد پایین به بالا از طریق بررسی مستندات و پرسشنامه محقق ساخت جمع‌آوری شد. در نهایت هزینه‌های مستقیم و غیرمستقیم برای گروه‌های مختلف از جمله کارگران و خانواده‌هایشان، صنعت و جامعه به‌عنوان کل، محاسبه گردید. هزینه‌های مستقیم جراحات شغلی شامل هزینه‌های درمانی، هزینه‌های پرداخت از جیب و هزینه‌های مراقبت غیررسمی و هزینه‌های غیرمستقیم شامل هزینه‌های افت بهره‌وری، زمان ازدست‌رفته دیگر کارکنان و ارزش کار خانگی ازدست‌رفته بود. نتایج: هزینه‌های مستقیم و غیرمستقیم ناشی از جراحات شغلی که در طول یک سال به جامعه وارد شده 103,385 میلیون ریال برآورد شد. هزینه‌های مستقیم جراحات شغلی منجر به وارد آمدن 14،152 میلیون ریال هزینه (48 میلیون ریال به ازای هر نمونه) شده و هزینه‌های غیرمستقیم منجر به وارد آمدن 89,232 میلیون ریال هزینه (308 میلیون ریال به ازای هر نمونه) به جامعه برآورد شده است. همچنین میانگین هزینه درمانی به ازای هر نمونه در جراحات منجر به مرگ 125 میلیون ریال، در جراحات جدی 92 میلیون ریال و در جراحات سرپایی 780،000 ریال محاسبه شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این بررسی نشان می‌دهد جراحات شغلی سالانه هزینه‌های قابل‌توجهی را به صنعت، کارگران و خانواده‌های آن‌ها وارد می‌کنند که درصد قابل‌توجهی از این هزینه‌ها را هزینه‌های غیرمستقیم تشکیل می‌دهد. این امر نشان‌دهنده جایگاه و اهمیت جراحات شغلی بوده و ازاین‌رو برای تصمیم‌گیرندگان و برنامهریزان در حوزه‌ها مرتبط با سلامت شغلی می‌تواند مورداستفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Introduction: Occupational injuries can impose a significant cost to the country’s economy. In developing countries, it is usually difficult to get access to occupational injuries data mainly because the lack of appropriate reporting and recording system, and in these countries, making it difficult to accurately estimate the costs of these injuries. The purpose of this study is to estimate the direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries in one of the Iranian refining industries. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all occupational injuries, including outpatient injuries to deaths in 2015. Data was collected based on a bottom-up approach, by using the recorded documents and a researcher-made questionnaire. Lastly the direct and indirect costs for different stockholders, including workers and their families, industry and society as a whole, were calculated. Investigated direct costs of occupational injuries included The healthcare costs, out of pocket cost and informal caregiving and Indirect costs included productivity losses, reorganization and investigation costs and home production costs. Results: It is estimated that occupational injuries impose 103,385 million Rials to the society over a year. Investigated direct costs of occupational injuries imposed 14,152 million Rials (48 million Rials per case). Indirect costs imposed 89,232 million Rials to the society (308 million Rials per case). Also the average healthcare cost per case for fatal injuries is estimate 125 million, for serious injuries 12 million Rials and for outpatient injuries 780,000 Rials Conclusion: According to the results of the study, occupational injuries annually bring significant economic costs to the industry, workers and their families which a significant portion of these costs are indirect costs. These results indicates the status and importance of occupational injuries and therefore can be used by decision-makers and planners in occupational health-related issues. 57 71 2019/04/102019/06/262019/04/152019/11/22018/07/242019/06/11 1398/3/21 2020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/3 1399/4/13 عاطفه محمدی نژاد atefe mohamadinejad دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران atefemohamadi94@gmail.com سید باقر مرتضوی seyed bagher mortazavi دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران mortazav@modares.ac.ir احمد جنیدی جعفری ahmad jonidi jafari دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران ahmad_jonidi@yahoo.com امیرعباس مفیدی amirabbas mofidi دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران amirabbasmofidi@gmail.com Bottom-up approach Direct cost Economic evaluation Indirect cost ارزیابی اقتصادی هزینه‌های مستقیم هزینه‌های غیرمستقیم رویکرد پایین به بالا 1. Hämäläinen P, Takala J, Kiat T. Global estimates of occupational accidents and work-related illnesses 2017. Finland: Workplace Safety and Health Institute. 2017:1-21.##2. Longo C, Bereza B. A comparative analysis of monthly out-of-pocket costs for patients with breast cancer as compared with other common cancers in Ontario, Canada. Current Oncology. 2011;18(1):e1.##3. Mohammadfam I, Zokaei H, Simaee N. Epidemiological evaluation of fatal occupational accidents and estimation of related human costs in Tehran. 2007:299-307.##4. Rohani JM, Johari MF, Hamid WHW, Atan H, Adeyemi AJ, Udin A. Occupational Accident Direct Cost Model Validation Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Procedia Manufacturing. 2015;2:286-90.##5. Weerd Md, Tierney R, Duuren-Stuurman Bv, Bertranou E. Estimating the cost of accidents and ill-health at work: a review of methodologies. 2014##6.Jallon R, Imbeau D, de Marcellis-Warin N. Development of an indirect-cost calculation model suitable for workplace use. Journal of safety research. 2011;42(3):149-64.##7. Lebeau M, Duguay P. The Costs of Occupational Injuries. The Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST); 2013.##8. Rikhardsson PM. Accounting for the cost of occupational accidents. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. 2004;11(2):63-70.##9. Manuele FA. Accident Costs Rethinking ratios of indirect to direct costs. Professional Safety. 2011;56(1):39.##10. Australia SW. The cost of work-related injury and illness for Australian employers, workers and the community: 2008–09. Canberra: Safe Work Australia. 2012.##11. Organization IL, Organization IL. Estimating the economic costs of occupational injuries and illnesses in developing countries: essential information for decision-makers. International Labour Organization Geneva; 2012.##12. Mohamadfam I, Babaei M, Rafiei M, Farsi E. Model for cost calculation of work - related accident. Third national conference of safety engineering and HSE managment2010.##13. Leigh JP, Waehrer G, Miller TR, McCurdy SA. Costs differences across demographic groups and types of occupational injuries and illnesses. American journal of industrial medicine. 2006;49(10):845-53.##14. Lebeau M, Duguay P. The Costs of Occupational Injuries: A Review of the Literature: Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail; 2013.##15. Commons C. The Cost of Work-related Injury and Illness for Australian Employers, Workers and the Community: 2012–13.##16. Cost to Britain of workplace fatalities and self-reported injuries and ill health,2013/14. 2015. [Available from www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/]##17. LEIGH J. Economic burden of occupational injury and illness in the United States. Milbank Quarterly. 2011;89(4):728-72.##18. Tompa E, Kalcevich C, McLeod C, Lebeau M, Song C, McLeod K, et al. The economic burden of lung cancer and mesothelioma due to occupational and para-occupational asbestos exposure. Occup Environ Med.oemed-2016-104173.##19. Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, Aligol M. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments and Types of MeasurmentS in Health Applied Researches. rafsanjan university of medical sciences. 2015.##20. The costs to Britain of workplace injuries and work-related ill health in 2006/07. 2011. [Available from: www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/]##21. Classification of Diseases (ICD): WHO; [Available from:http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/.]##22. ICD-10 Version:2016 2016 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/S00-S09] ##23. Carlos‐Rivera F, Aguilar‐Madrid G, Gómez‐Montenegro PA, Juárez‐Pérez CA, Sánchez‐Román FR, Montandon D, et al. Estimation of health‐care costs for work‐related injuries in the Mexican Institute of social security. American journal of industrial medicine. 2009;52(3):195-201.##24. khodaverdi H. Qualitative research methodology. Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. 2008.##25. Mofidi A, Tompa E, Spencer J, Kalcevich C, Peters CE, Kim J, et al. The economic burden of occupational non-melanoma skin cancer due to solar radiation. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 2018:1-11.##26. Kumthekar P, Stell BV, Jacobs DI, Helenowski IB, Rademaker AW, Grimm SA, et al. Financial burden experienced by patients undergoing treatment for malignant gliomas. Neuro-oncology practice. 2014;1(2):71-6.##27. Rezazadeh mehrjuo R, Bahadori s. calculate discount rate in calculation of economic indicators Development plans of National Iranian Oil Company.##28. Gharibi F, Heydari A, Zarei M. The out of pocket cost percentage for health services by people in Kurdistan in 2009. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2013.##29. Asady H, Mazloumi A, Zarif-Yeganeh M, Hosseini M, Haghshenas M, Hajizadeh-Moghadam P. Financial estimate of productivity loss due to work-related deaths in Iran. Health and Safety at Work. 2017;7(1):53-62.##30. Farhadi J, Faramarzi A. investigation of national health accounts in Iran during the years 2001-2013. statistics. 2016.##31. Atrkar Roshan S, Alizadeh s. Estimate of economic costs of accidents at work in Iran. Iran Occupational Health. 2015:12-8.##32. Mossink J, de Greef M. Inventory of socioeconomic costs of work accidents: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2002.##33. kopal R, Abedi Z, Ghazi S, Mohammadfam E. Estimating Financial Burden of Occupational Accidents on the Social Security Organization in Yazd, 1387-88. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 1393.##34. Fayad R, Nuwayhid I, Tamim H, Kassak K, Khogali M. Cost of work-related injuries in insured workplaces in Lebanon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003;81(7):509-16.##35. Waehrer GM, Dong XS, Miller T, Haile E, Men Y. Costs of occupational injuries in construction in the United States. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2007;39(6):1258-66.##36. Feng Y, Zhang S, Wu P. 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طراحی و اعتبارسنجی شاخص بارکاری خلبان(PALI) مبتنی بر الگوی NASA-TLX Development and validation of a pilot activity load index (PALI) based on NASA-TLX template 1 1 مقدمه: بارکاری، ساختار فرضی از فشار متحمل شده توسط یک اپراتور انسانی برای رسیدن به سطح خاصی از عملکرد میباشد. تاکنون روشهای متعددی برای ارزیابی بارکاری ارائه شده است. یکی از پرکاربردترین روشهای ارزیابی ذهنی بارکاری، روش NASA-TLX است. هدف این مطالعه، طراحی و اعتبارسنجی شاخص ارزیابی ذهنی بارکاری شغل خلبانی مبتنی بر الگوی NASA-TLX میباشد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه، یک بررسی توصیفی-تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی است که در بین خلبان‌‌های شاغل در شرکتهای هواپیمایی مسافربری انجام شد. در ابتدا خرده مقیاسهای شاخص‌ ارزیابی بارکاری خلبانی(PALI) مبتنی بر الگوی NASA-TLX تهیه شد. سپس روایی محتوا بر اساس جدول لاوشه، توسط شاخص CVR و CVI خرده مقیاسها پذیرفته شد. در نهایت برای تعیین سازگاری درونی، شاخص PALI توسط 30 خلبان در فازهای مختلف پروازی تکمیل شد و برای تعیین میزان پایایی از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ با معیار پذیرش 7/0 آنالیز در نرمافزار SPSS استفاده شد. نتایج: فهرست اولیه شاخص ارزیابی ذهنی بارکاری خلبان شامل 17 خرده مقیاس بود که 11 خرده مقیاس آن پس از اعتبارسنجی صوری و محتوایی، با CVR کمتر از 75/0حذف شد. در نهایت پس از تقلیل، 6 خرده مقیاس PALI نهایی شدکه ارتباط خوبی با وظایف خلبانی داشتند(79/0=CVI). آلفای کرونباخ برای شاخص PALI به میزان 89/0 بدست آمد که نشان داد این شاخص از پایایی درونی برخوردار است. نتیجهگیری: میتوان از پرسشنامه PALI که از نظر روایی و پایایی تایید شده است، برای ارزیابی بارکاری خلبانهای مسافربری استفاده نمود. 2 Introduction: Workload can be defined as the hypothetical construct that represents the cost incurred by a human operator to achieve a particular level of performance. Several methods have been used to assess the workload. One of the most common methods of assessing mental workload is NASA-TLX method. The present study was conducted to develop and validate of a pilot activity load index (PALI) based on NASA-TLX template. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical that was carried out among airline pilots of Civil Aviation Organization. At first, “Pilot Activity Load Index” or PALI subscales were developed based on NASA-TLX template. Validity of the subscales was evaluated by Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI).Using Lawshe’s table. Finally, to determine the internal consistency of the subscales, 30 pilots completed the final version of the PALI in typical flight phases. The data obtained were then analyzed by SPSS using Cronbach's alpha to measure the reliability of the subscales and considering an acceptance level of 0.7. Results: The first results led to the emergence of an initial list with 17 subscales. Eleven subscales were irrelevant, redundant and impractical to use in operational environment, due to CVR less than 0.75 and were omitted from the subscales list. Finally, six PALI subscales were approved related to pilot tasks (CVI=0.79). The Verified subscales had a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.89 and were therefore considered a reliable tool. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that PALI questionnaire which validity and reliability has been approved can be used for assessment of workload in pilots. 72 83 2019/04/102019/06/262019/04/152019/11/22018/07/242019/06/112017/05/31 1396/3/10 2020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32017/09/12 1396/6/21 رضا عبدی Reza Abdi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد – دانشکده بهداشت ایران Abdi58ergo@gmail.com عادل مظلومی Adel Mazloumi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران- دانشکده بهداشت ایران amazlomi@tums.ac.ir غلامحسین حلوانی gholamhossein halvani دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد – دانشکده بهداشت ایران halvani39@gmail.com سیامک نمازی Siamak Namazi سازمان هواپیمایی کشوری – استاندارد پرواز- اداره کل عملیات پرواز ایران a_s_namazi@yahoo.com کمال اعظم Kamal Azam دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران- دانشکده بهداشت ایران kazam@tums.ac.ir Validation Pilot in Activity Load Index NASA-TLX template اعتبارسنجی شاخص بارکاری خلبان الگوی NASA-TLX 1. Hart SG, Staveland LE. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Advances in psychology. 1988; 52:139-183.##2. Nachreiner F, Schultetus D. Standardization in the field of mental stress-the DIN EN ISO 10075 Series Standards. Translated from DIN-Mitteilungen. 2002; 81:519.##3. Nachreiner F, Nickel P, Meyer I. Human factors in process control systems: The design of human–machine interfaces. Safety Science. 2006; 44(1):5-26.##4. Smith HPR. A simulator study of the interaction of pilot workload with errors, vigilance, and decisions. NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field, CA, United States. Technical Report:NASA-TM-78482, A-7354: 1979; p. 26-35.##5. Moriarty CD. Practical human factors for pilots. Chennai: India: Academic Press; 2015: p. 12-13.##6. Vidulich MA, Wickens CD. Causes of dissociation between subjective workload measures and performance: Caveats for the use of subjective assessments. Applied Ergonomics. 1986;17(4):291-296.##7. 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راهکارهای کنترل عفونت کوید-19 در محیطهای کاری Approaches for Covid-19 infection control in the workplaces 1 1 مقدمه: با توجه به گسترش ویروس کرونای جدید در سراسر جهان، محیطهای کاری نیز از این بیماری مصون نیستند. دستورالعملهای متعددی توسط سازمانهای بین المللی در خصوص مشاغل پرخطر و لزوم رعایت موازین بهداشتی در محیطهای کاری تهیه و ارائه گردیده است. با توجه به موارد زیاد بروز این بیماری در کشور، هدف ما از نگارش این مقاله مروری، بررسی و تحلیل مطالعات انجام شده در خصوص پیشگیری و کنترل بیماری کرونا در محیطهای کاری است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه با هدف بررسی عوامل خطر شغلی ابتلاء به بیماری کرونا، بانک‌های اطلاعاتی Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus از سال 2019 تا 2020 و همچنین دستورالعملهای CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)، NIOSH(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)، OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) و WHO (World Health Organization) با روش جستجوی موضوعی بررسی شد. تعداد 19 مقاله و 5 دستورالعمل انتخاب و در نگارش این مقاله مورد استفاده قرارگرفت. یافته‌ها: بررسی ها نشان داد که بسیاری از مشاغل از جمله کارکنان مراکز بهداشتی درمانی، کارگران جمع آوری و دفع پسماند و کارکنان وسایل نقلیه عمومی در معرض خطر ابتلا به این بیماری هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: تمام اجزای جامعه از جمله کارفرمایان، صاحبان کسب و کار، کارگران و کارمندان می بایست آمادگی کامل برای مبارزه با ویروس کرونا را داشته باشند، حتی اگر اپیدمی کرونا هنوز به آن کشور یا منطقه نرسیده باشد. این موضوع می تواند در کاهش روزهای کاری از دست رفته، غیبتهای کارکنان و جلوگیری از انتشار ویروس در سطح جامعه تاثیرگذار باشد. 2 Introduction: Due to the spread of the new coronavirus around the world, workplaces are not safe against this disease. Different guidelines have been promoted by international organizations regarding high-risk jobs and the necessity of implementing health rules in the workplaces. According to the considerable number of incidence of this disease in our country, the aim of this review article is to evaluate the epidemiologic studies on prevention and control of new coronavirus in the workplaces. Method: In this study, with the aim of evaluating occupational risk factors for new coronavirus infection, different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 2019 to 2020 and CDC, NIOSH, OSHA, and WHO instructions were evaluated. 18 articles and 5 instructions were selected for this review article. Results: Investigations revealed that most of occupations such as healthcare workers, waste workers, and public transportation staff are at increased risk of this disease. Conclusion: All members of the society including employers, employees and laborers should be completely ready to overcome the virus, even if the epidemic has not been spreading in that country or area. This point can be effective on the reduction of lost workdays, work absenteeism and prevent the spread of the virus in the community. 91 98 2019/04/102019/06/262019/04/152019/11/22018/07/242019/06/112017/05/312020/03/11 1398/12/21 2020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32020/07/32017/09/122020/07/9 1399/4/19 احسان رفیعی منش Ehsan Rafeemanesh دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد ایران RafeemaneshE@mums.ac.ir فرزانه رحیم پور Farzaneh Rahimpour دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد ایران rahimpourf@mums.ac.ir مریم معمارزاده Maryam Memarzadeh دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد ایران memarzadehtm961@mums.ac.ir Coronavirus Workplaces Occupation Control ویروس کورونا محیط کار شغل کنترل 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 382: 727.##2. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation report-102. 2020.##3. World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infec‌tion is suspected. Available from: www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavi‌rus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected. (Accessed January 31, 2020)##4. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.##5. Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK. The novel coronavirus: A bird’s eye view. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2020; 11(2): 65.##6. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID‐19 based on current evidence. Journal of Medical Virology 2020. (in press)##7. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International Journal of Oral Science 2020; 12(1): 9.##8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim US Guidance for Risk Assessment and Public Health Management of Persons with Potential Coronavirus Disease 2019 Exposures: Geographic Risk and Contacts of Laboratory-confirmed Cases. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/risk-assessment.html. (Accessed March 7, 2020). ##9. Koh D. Occupational risks for COVID-19. Occupational Medicine 2020.##10. World Health Organization. Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19. WHO Report 2020 Feb 27; Version 1.4.##11. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand. Journal of Hospital Infection 2020. (in press)##12. Environmental and Occupational Health Center. Instruction for prevention and control of coronavirus (COVID-19) in workplaces. Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran 2020 March; 2nd version. [Persian]##13. Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. National instruction of care, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical services and reference of patients with new coronavirus (COVID-19). 2020 March. [Persian]##14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers to Plan and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/guidance-business-response.html (Accessed February, 2020).##15. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ##16. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Journal of the American Medical Association 2020. (in press) ##17. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 470.##18. Beth M. 175 Now Infected with Coronavirus on Cruise Ship, Including Quarantine Officer. Available from: https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/02/175-now-infected-with-coronavirus-on-cruise-ship-including-quarantine-officer/ (Accessed February 20, 2020).##19. Imai H. Trust is a key factor in the willingness of health professionals to work during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Experience from the H1N1 pandemic in Japan 2009. 2020. (in press)##20. Okello DR, Gilson L. Exploring the influence of trust relationships on motivation in the health sector: a systematic review. Human Resources for Health 2015; 13: 16.##21. Liem A, Wang C, Wariyanti Y, Latkin CA, Hall BJ. The neglected health of international migrant workers in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020. (in press)##22. Webster R, Liu R, Karimullina K, Hall I, Amlôt R, Rubin G. A systematic review of infectious illness Presenteeism: prevalence, reasons and risk factors. BMC public health 2019; 19(1): 799.##23. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(3): 228.## ##