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بررسی نقش منفذ و جهت قرار‌گیری بافل بر افت انتقال صدا در مافلرهای واکنشی با استفاده از شبیه‌سازی نرم‌افزار COMSOL Examining the role of the hole and the orientation of the baffle on the loss of sound transmission in reactive mufflers using COMSOL software simulation 1 1 چکیده مقدمه: امروزه آلودگی صوتی محیط از نظر بار سلامتی به یک نگرانی جهانی تبدیل شده است. بخش قابل توجه صدای مزاحم مربوط به خودروها می‌باشد که مافلرهای موجود در اگزوز خودروها در کاهش میزان صدای موتور نقش مهمی را ایفا می‌کنند. طراحی مناسب مافلرها و تغییر در پارامترهای هندسی آن از جمله ایجاد منافذ در بافل‌ و جهت قرارگیری آن‌ها می‌تواند در افزایش عملکرد آکوستیکی مافلرها تاثیر بسزایی داشته و در کاهش آلودگی صوتی موثرتر واقع شوند. روش بررسی: جهت بررسی عملکرد آکوستیکی مافلرهای مورد مطالعه، از روش عددی المان محدود استفاده شد. بدین منظور ابتدا مافلرها طی شبیه‌سازی در نرم‌افزار COMSOL طراحی شدند؛ سپس با تغییر در پارامترهای هندسی مورد نظر یعنی ایجاد منافذ در روی بافل و تغییر جهت قرارگیری بافل‌ها، تاثیر آن‌ها بر افت انتقال صدا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج: یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان داد که افت انتقال صدا در محدوده فرکانسی مورد مطالعه با تغییر در پارامترهای هندسی، روند ثابتی را طی نکرده است؛ بطوریکه در برخی فرکانس‌ها ایجاد تغییر باعث افزایش و در برخی فرکانس‌ها باعث کاهش افت انتقال صدا شده است اما در حالت کلی قرارگیری راس بافل به سمت خروجی مافلر باعث افزایش میانگین افت انتقال شده و ایجاد منفذ در بافل نیز کاهش میانگین افت انتقال را به دنبال داشته است. در ضمن این مطالعه نشان داد که ایجاد منفذ روی بافل ساخته شده به سمت ورودی باعث کاهش 9/1 دسی بل در افت انتقال مافلر می‌شود. این مقدار برای حالتی که بافل به سمت خروجی مافلر تعبیه شده باشد در حدود 3 دسی بل براورد گردید. نتیجه‎گیری: ایجاد منفذ روی بافل و تغییر جهت قرارگیری آن در مافلرهای واکنشی می‌تواند بر افت انتقال صدا و در حالت کلی عملکرد آکوستیکی آن موثر باشد. 2 Abstract Introduction: Nowadays, noise pollution in the environment has become as a worldwide health concern. A  large share of this noise comes from vehicles, where mufflers in their exhaust systems are essential for lowering engine noise levels. Proper muffler design and modifications to its geometric parameters,  including adding holes in the baffle and changing their orientation, can significantly influence the acoustic performance of mufflers and contribute  effective in enhanced noise reduction. Materials and Methods: The finite element numerical method was utilized to examine the acoustic effectiveness of the analyzed mufflers.  At first, the mufflers were designed and modeled using COMSOL software. Subsequently, by modifying the desired geometric parameters, specifically by adding perforations to the baffle and changing the baffle orientations, their effect on sound transmission loss was examined. Results: The results of this study indicated that the sound transmission loss across the examined frequency range did not exhibit a consistent pattern with changes in geometric parameters. Specifically, at certain frequencies, the changes led to an increase in sound transmission loss, whereas at others, they resulted a decrease. However, in general, positioning the baffle's apex towards the muffler outlet increased the average transmission loss, while orienting the baffles’s peak towards the muffler outlet enhanced the average transmission loss, whereas adding  perforations to the baffle reduced the average transmission loss. Conclusion: Creating perforations on the baffle and changing its orientation in reactive mufflers can affect sound transmission loss and, more broadly, its acoustic performance. 1 11 2024/11/19 1403/8/29 2025/03/30 1404/1/10 ایرج علیمحمدی Iraj Alimohammadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران irajrastin1@gmail.com مهدی فرخی Mahdi Farrokhi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران ایران farokhi1.ma@gmail.com سودا جوادی Sevda Javadi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز ایران sevdajavadi82@gmail.com سعیده ناشر Saideh Nasher دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز ایران saeideh.na82@gmail.com Comsol Reactive muffler Finite element analysis Baffle Acoustics کامسول مافلر واکنشی تحلیل المان محدود بافل آکوستیک 1. Miloradović D, Glišović J, Lukić J. Regulations on road vehicle noise—trends and future activities. Mobil Veh Mech. 2017;43:57-72.##2. Zahedi H, Rashidi Y, Hashemi SH. Performance of acoustic noise barriers in the Sayyad Shirazi highway in Tehran. Environmental Sciences. 2020;18(3):226-35.##3. Münzel T, Schmidt FP, Steven S, Herzog J, Daiber A, Sørensen M. Environmental Noise and the Cardiovascular System. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(6):688-97.##4. Franssen E, Van Wiechen C, Nagelkerke N, Lebret E. Aircraft noise around a large international airport and its impact on general health and medication use. Occupational and environmental medicine. 2004;61(5):405-13.##5. Passchier-Vermeer W, Passchier WF. Noise exposure and public health. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):123-31.##6. Talebitooti R, Choudari Khameneh A. Modeling and simulation of the acoustic behavior of a muffler in a passenger car exhaust system. Journal of Acoustical Society of Iran. 2018;6(1):39-45.##7. Shah S, Kuppili S, Hatti K, Thombare D. A practical approach towards muffler design, development and prototype validation. SAE Technical Paper; 2010. Report No.: 0148-7191.##8. Golmohammad R, Mohammadfam I. Noise and Vibration Engineering Golmohammadi. Hamedan: daneshjoo. 2011.##9. Razavi SE, Mohammadi M. Investigation of the Geometrical Parameters Effects of Reactive Muffler on Noise##Reduction by Considering the Pressure Drop. Journal of Mechanical Engineering University of Tabriz. 2017;47(1):105-11.##10. Prasad A, Thiagarajan RC. Acoustic performance design of automotive muffler. Technologies, Atoa. 2019.##11. Tutunea D, Calbureanu M, Lungu M. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of fluid dynamics performances of a resistance muffler. Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics and Heat & Mass Transfer. 2013:31-4.##12. Lee JW, Jang GW. Topology design of reactive mufflers for enhancing their acoustic attenuation performance and flow characteristics simultaneously. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 2012;91(5):552-70.##13. Barbieri R, Barbieri N. Finite element acoustic simulation based shape optimization of a muffler. applied acoustics. 2006;67(4):346-57.##14. Barron RF. Industrial noise control and acoustics: CRC Press; 2002.##15. Elnady T. Modelling and characterization of Perforates in Lined Ducts and Mufflers: Farkost och flyg; 2004.##16. Laboratories SR. Noise Control in Industry, Third Edition: Taylor & Francis; 2002.##17. Howard CQ, Craig RA. Noise reduction using a quarter wave tube with different orifice geometries. Applied Acoustics. 2014;76:180-6.##18. Chaitanya P, Munjal M. Effect of wall thickness on the end corrections of the extended inlet and outlet of a double-tuned expansion chamber. Applied Acoustics. 2011;72(1):65-70.##19. De Lima KF, Lenzi A, Barbieri R. The study of reactive silencers by shape and parametric optimization techniques. Applied Acoustics. 2011;72(4):142-50.## ##

نقش واسطه ای فرسودگی شغلی و رضایت شغلی در رابطه استرس شغلی و تعهد سازمانی معلمان آموزش استثنایی شهر بغداد عراق Mediating influence of job burnout and job satisfaction in relationship between work stress and organizational commitment among exceptional education teachers in Baghdad, Iraq 1 1 مقدمه: تدریس در مدارس استثنایی به دلیل ماهیت پرفشار حرفه‌ای و چگونگی مقابله‌ای که می‌توانند با این شرایط داشته باشند از موضوعات مهم پژوهشی است که پژوهشگران حوزه‌های مختلف به آن پرداخته‌اند. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین رابطه بین استرس شغلی با تعهد سازمانی با توجه به نقش واسطه رضایت شغلی و فرسودگی شغلی در معلمان آموزش استثنایی شهر بغداد عراق اجرا شد. روش بررسی: پژوهش همبستگی از نوع علی (مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری) است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را تمامی معلمان آموزش استثنایی مدارس ابتدائی شهر بغداد کشور عراق در بهار و تابستان سال 1403 (2024)، به تعداد 524 نفر تشکیل داده‌اند که از میان آنان از طریق نمونه‌گیری در دسترس تعداد 200 نفر (100 زن و 100 مرد) به عنوان نمونه به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌های استرس شغلی موسسه سلامت و ایمنی انگلستان (HSE)، فرسودگی شغلی مسلش و جکسون (1996)، تعهد سازمانی آلن و میر (1991) و رضایت شغلی اسمیت و همکاران (1969) جمع‌آوری شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از الگوی معادلات ساختاری از طریق نرم‌افزار 26.SPSS و AMOS23 استفاده گردید. نتایج: نتایج اثرات مستقیم نشان داد که استرس شغلی بر تعهد سازمانی، رضایت شغلی و فرسودگی شغلی معلمان تأثیر معنی‌داری دارد (01/0p<). همچنین رضایت شغلی و فرسودگی شغلی هر یک بر تعهد سازمانی معلمان تأثیر معنی‌داری داشته‌اند (01/0p<). بررسی اثرات غیرمستقیم نیز نشان داد که رضایت شغلی و فرسودگی شغلی هر دو در تأثیر استرس شغلی بر تعهد سازمانی نقش واسطه‌ای معنی‌داری داشته‌اند(01/0p<). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش به مدیران و سیاستگزاران نظام آموزش و پرورش عراق پیشنهاد می‌گردد که به دلیل نقشی که کاهش استرس شغلی در افزایش رضایت شغلی و تعهد سازمانی و کاهش فرسودگی شغلی معلمان آموزش استثنایی دارد، کاهش استرس شغلی را مورد توجه جدی قرار دهند و در این ارتباط می‌توانند از حضور و مشاوره‌های روانشناسان سازمانی در جهت شناسائی و رفع علل استرس شغلی بهره ببرند. 2 Introduction: Educators in exceptional schools represent a significant research focus explored by researchers across various disciplines, primarily owing to the intense demands of their jobs and their coping strategies for such circumstances. In light of this, the present research was conducted to explore the connection between job stress and organizational commitment, focusing on the mediating effects of job satisfaction and job burnout among exceptional education teachers in Baghdad, Iraq. Materials and Methods: The method of research employed was causal correlation research (structural equation modeling). The statistical population for the research consisted of all the exceptional education teachers from elementary schools in Baghdad, Iraq, during the spring and summer of 2024, totaling 524 individuals. Among them, 200 individuals (100 females and 100 male) were chosen as samples using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using occupational stress questionnaires of the Health and Safety Institute of England (HSE), job burnout by Maslach, & Jackson (1996), organizational commitment by Allen and Meyer (1991), and job satisfaction evaluation by Smith et al. (1969). To analyze data, a structural equation model was used through SPSS 26 and AMOS 23 software. Results: The results of direct effects showed that job stress significantly impacted organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and burnout (p<0.01). Additionally, both job satisfaction and job burnout significantly influenced organizational commitment (p<0.01). Examining the indirect effects revealed that both job satisfaction and job burnout played a significant mediating role in  how work stress influences organizational commitment (p<0.01). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is recommended that managers and policymakers in the Iraqi education system focus significantly on decreasing job stress, due to its impact on enhancing job satisfaction, fostering organizational commitment, and lowering job burnout among special education teachers. 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تاثیر 8 هفته تمرینات عملکردی شدید (HIFT) بر فاکتورهای قلبی عروقی و لذت تمرین در زنان مبتلا به سندروم متابولیک Effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on previous vascular factors and exercise enjoyment in women suffering from metabolic syndrome 1 1 مقدمه: سندروم متابولیک مشکل بهداشت عمومی در سراسر جهان است که خطر ابتلا به بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی را افزایش می‌دهد با اینکه ورزش یک استراتژی موثر است کمتر از 23 درصد فعالیت ورزشی انجام می‌دهند. شایع‌ترین موانع «کمبود زمان» «فقدان امکانات» و «فقدان انگیزه»است، هدف ما بررسی اثر تمرین عملکردی با شدت بالا (HIFT) بر فاکتورهای قلبی عروقی و موانع شرکت در تمرین می‌باشد. روش بررسی: در این‌ پژوهش‌ نیمه‌ تجربی‌ ٣0 زن مبتلا به‌ MetS به‌ دوگروه (کنترل و تمرین‌) تقسیم‌ شدند. افراد تحت پروتکل تمرینی 8 هفته‌ای 3 جلسه در هفته، با شدت پیش رونده قرار گرفتند. نشانگرهای قلبی متابولیکی و ترکیب بدنی در ابتدا و بعد از 8 هفته تمرین بررسی شد. علاوه بر این، پرسشنامه لذت و انگیزه ادامه فعالیت پس از پروتکل تمرینی ارزیابی شد.کلیه‌ عملیات آماری‌ در سطح‌ معناداری‌ برابر ٠٥/٠ با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه‌ ٢1 انجام شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد، 8 هفته تمرین HIFT منجر به کاهش معنادار فشارخون سیستولی و دیاستولی، تری‌گلیسرید، LDL،HDL ، قند خون ناشتا شد(05/0P=) و در مرحله دوم در بررسی تعیین اثر این نوع تمرین بر ترکیب بدنی و لذت درک شده از فعالیت بدنی تغییرات معناداری مشاهده شد(05/0P=). نتیجه‌گیری: تمرینات HIFT بهبودهای بالینی معنی‌داری در عوامل خطر قلبی عروقی MetS و ترکیب بدنی ایجاد می‌کنند و انجام این روش تمرینی می‌تواند لذت از فعالیت شرکت‌کنندگان را در بر داشته باشد و موانع عدم شرکت در ورزش را کاهش دهد. بنابراین، به متخصصان ورزشی و پزشکان پیشنهاد می‌شود از این نوع تمرین به عنوان ابزاری برای پیشگیری و درمان سندروم متابولیک استفاده کنند.   2 Introduction: Individuals with metabolic syndrome face a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to healthy individuals, attributed to endothelial dysfunction, increased blood lipids, and insulin resistance. Despite exercise being an effective prevention method for enhancing and preventing metabolic syndrome, fewer than 23% of adults perform the minimum recommended physical activity. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental research (applied, with pre-test, and post-test), 30 women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and a body mass index ranging from 30.9 to 33 were selected and randomly divided into two groups (control and exercise). The participants underwent an 8-week training intervention, 3 sessions per week, with progressive intensity under the supervision of a trainer. Cardio metabolic markers and body composition were evaluated at the beginning and again after 8 weeks of training. Furthermore, the questionnaire on enjoyment and motivation to continue the activity was assessed following the exercise intervention. All statistical analyses were conducted at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software version 21. Results: The findings indicated that 8 weeks of HIFT training led to a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and fasting blood sugar (P=0.05). Significant changes were observed in body composition and perceived enjoyment of physical activity (P=0.05). Conclusion: HIFT exercises lead to significant clinical improvements in the cardiovascular risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and body composition while allowing participants to enjoy their activities and minimizing obstacles to  engaging in sports. Therefore, it is recommended that sports specialists and medical doctors utilized this type of exercise as a method for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. 27 37 2024/11/192024/11/192024/08/24 1403/6/3 2025/03/302025/01/132025/02/25 1403/12/7 مینا بهاری کیا Mina Behari Kia دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی خرم اباد ایران mina.kiabahari@gmail.com بهمن حسنوند Bahman Hasanvand هیات علمی دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد خرم آباد ایران bahmanhasanvand@ut.ac.ir High-intensity functional training (HIFT) Metabolic syndrome Cardiovascular disease Exercise enjoyment تمرینات عملکردی با شدت بالا(HIFT) سندرم متابولیکMetS فاکتورهای قلبی عروقی لذت از تمرین 1. Smith LE, Van Guilder GP, Dalleck LC, Lewis NR, Dages AG, Harris NK. A Preliminary Investigation into the Frequency Dose Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Cardiometabolic Health. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2023;22(4):688.##2. Divsalar P, Zamani Zadeh S, Gozashti MH. Suicidal Ideation and Depression in Hospitalized Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. CPR 2022; 1(1) :84-99##3. Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Rezaei N, Sheidaei A, Hajipour MJ, Mahmoudi N, et al. A nationwide study of metabolic syndrome prevalence in Iran; a comparative analysis of six definitions. PloS one. 2021;16:(3)e0241926.##4. Ghasemian SO, Seyyed A, Bazdar Teshnizi M, Mostajir M, Karimi-Dehkordi M. Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiac oxidative stress parameters and blood serum biochemical profile in ovariectomized aged rats. Journal of Animal Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 2023;36(3):226-39.##5. Cavedon V, Milanese C, Marchi A, Zancanaro C. Different amount of training affects body composition and performance in High-Intensity Functional Training participants. Plos one. 2020;15(8):e0237. 887.##6. Sofra X, Badami S. Adverse effects of sedentary lifestyles: Inflammation, and high-glucose induced oxidative stress—A double blind randomized clinical trial on diabetic and prediabetic patients. Health. 2020;12(8):1029-48.##7. Heinrich KM, Crawford DA, Johns BR, Frye J, Gilmore KE. Affective responses during high-intensity functional training compared to high-intensity interval training and moderate continuous training. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2020;9(1):115.##8. Gargallo P, Tamayo E, Jiménez-Martínez P, Juesas A, Casaña J, Benitez-Martinez JC, et al. Multicomponent and power training with elastic bands improve metabolic and inflammatory parameters, body composition and anthropometry, and physical function in older women with metabolic syndrome: A 20-week randomized, controlled trial. Experimental Gerontology. 2024;185:112340.##9. Ghahfarrokhi MM, Shirvani H, Rahimi M, Bazgir B, Shamsadini A, Sobhani V. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC geriatrics. 2024;24(1):71.##10. Santiago DDC, Lopes JSS, Neto AMdM, Andrade CMB. Analysis of Biomarkers in Response to High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): A Systematic Review Study. Archives of Current Research International. 2021;21(3):59-72.##11. Scurt FG, Ganz MJ, Herzog C, Bose K, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Obesity Reviews. 2024;25(1):e13649.##12. Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Feng S, Wang D, Zhang Y, et al. HiFT: A Hierarchical Full Parameter Fine-Tuning Strategy. arXiv preprint arXiv:240115207. 2024.##13. Lemieux I, Després J-P. Metabolic syndrome: past, present and future. MDPI; 2020. p. 3501.##14. Smith L, Van Guilder G, Dalleck L, Harris N. The effects of high-intensity functional training on cardiometabolic risk factors and exercise enjoyment in men and women with metabolic syndrome: study protocol for a randomized, 12-week, dose-response trial. Trials. 2022;23(1):182.##15. Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, Alessa OM, Sumaya OY, Meo AS. Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in football players: A novel multi football clubs cross sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(4):1763.##16. Di Murro E, Di Giuseppe G, Soldovieri L, Moffa S, Improta I, Capece U, et al. Physical activity and type 2 diabetes: in search of a personalized approach to improving β-cell function. Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4202.##17. Feito Y, Patel P, Sal Redondo A, Heinrich KM. Effects of eight weeks of high intensity functional training on glucose control and body composition among overweight and obese adults. Sports. 2019;22:7(2):51. ##18. Jacob V, Milanese C, Marchi A, Zancanaro C. 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Cadegiani F. (2020). The underappreciated athlete: Overtraining syndrome in resistance training, high-intensity functional training (HIFT), and female athletes. Overtraining Syndrome in Athletes: A Comprehensive Review and Novel Perspectives, 131-154.##23. Chizewski A, Box A, Kesler RM, Petruzzello SJ. High intensity functional training (HIFT) improves fitness in recruit firefighters. International journal of environmental research and public health.2021; 18(24):13400.##24. Heinrich KM, Kurtz BK, Patterson M, Crawford DA, Barry A. Incorporating a sense of community in a group exercise intervention facilitates adherence. Health Behavior Research. 2022;5(3):1.##25. Heinrich KM, Crawford DA, Johns BR, Frye J, Gilmore KE. Affective responses during high-intensity functional training compared to high-intensity interval training and moderate continuous training. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2020;9(1):115.##26. WHO CO. World health organization. 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تحلیل حوادث یک صنعت فولاد در دوره ۷ساله درایران: یک مطالعه موردی Analysis of accidents in a steel industry in 7 years in Iran: a case study 1 1 مقدمه: باتوجه‌ به رشد روزافزون صنایع و تکنولوژی و به‌تبع آن افزایش میزان حوادث و آسیب‌های شغلی، این مطالعه باهدف بررسی و تحلیل اپیدمیولوژیک حوادث یک صنعت فولاد در ایران انجام شد. روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر یک پژوهش توصیفی، تحلیلی است که به‌منظور بررسی حوادث ناشی از کار یک کارخانه فولادسازی در یک دوره ۷ساله در سال‌های 1401-1395 در ایران انجام شد. در این پژوهش اطلاعات از طریق مستندات و مصاحبه با حادثه‌دیدگان یا شاهدان حادثه جمع‌آوری گردید. سپس تحلیل داده‌ها بر حسب اطلاعات دموگرافیک حادثه‌دیدگان (سن، سابقه کاری و ...)، نوع و علت حادثه با نرم‌افزار  SPSSنسخه 22 انجام شد. همچنین سطح آموزش حادثه‌دیدگان، شیفت کاری و زمان وقوع حوادث نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد از مجموع 7251 کارگر در طی دوره 7 ساله، 130حادثه ثبت گردیده است. نتایج نشان داد کمترین میزان حوادث در افراد با سابقه کاری بالا رخ داده است. بین روزهای کاری از دست رفته و اعمال و شرایط ناایمن رابطه معناداری به­دست آمد (001/0 P<) ، شرایط ناایمن تاثیر بیشتری بر روزهای کاری از دست رفته در حوادث داشته است. همچنین بیشترین آسیب وارده به افراد ناشی از برخورد اشیا بوده است. از نظر زمانی وقوع حادثه بیشترین حوادث ثبت شده در فصل پاییز و در شیفت صبح بوده است. نتیجه‌گیری: در این مطالعه بیشترین تعداد حادثه در افراد با سابقه کاری کمتر از 5 سال و دارای سابقه دریافت آموزش‌های ایمنی رخ داده است. علل اصلی حادثه اعمال ناایمن و ترکیب آن با شرایط ناایمن بود. بنابراین اطلاع‌رسانی و آموزش اصولی و مستمر کارگران منطبق با شرایط پویای محیط و بازرسی‌های منظم می‌توانند باعث بهبود شرایط و کاهش اعمال ناایمن در این صنعت گردد. 2 Introduction: Considering the  rising development of industries and technology and the  resulting rise in workplace accidents and injuries, this study aimed to investigate and analyze the epidemiological events in the steel industry in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical investigation conducted to investigate work-related accidents in a steel factory in Iran over a period of 7 years, from 2016 to 2022. In this study, data were collected via documentation and interviews with individuals  affected by the accident or those who witnessed it.  Subsequently, data analysis was performed  utilizing the demographic information of the victims (age, work experience, etc.), accident type, and cause of the accident using SPSS version 22 software.  Additionally, the victims’ educational background, work shifts, and the timing of the accident were  analyzed. Results: The results indicated that  among 7251 workers, 130 accidents occurred  over a span of7 years. The results showed that individuals with extensive work experience had the  fewest accidents. A significant relationship was observed between lost work days and unsafe practices and conditions (P<0.001), with unsafe conditions exerting a more considerable influence on lost work days due to accidents. Additionally, the greatest harm to individuals resulted from impact with objects.  Regarding the timing of the accidents, the highest number of accidents occurred in the fall and during the morning shift. Conclusion: In this study, the highest number of accidents was seen in individuals with under 5 years of work experience who had previously undergone safety training. The primary factors contributing to the accident were hazardous behavior and their interaction with unsafe conditions. Therefore, ongoing basic information and training for workers based on the changing environmental conditions, alongwith routine inspections, can improve safety and reduce unsafe practices in this industry. 38 48 2024/11/192024/11/192024/08/242024/12/10 1403/9/20 2025/03/302025/01/132025/02/252025/01/13 1403/10/24 علی آلبوغبیش Ali Alboghobeish علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی ایران fereydoonlaal@yahoo.com ابوالفضل کمیلی Abolfazl Komeili علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی ایران abkomeili1998@gmail.com امیر مسعود انصاری Amir Masoud Ansari علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی ایران amiransaarii78@gmail.com فریدون لعل Fereydoon Laal علوم پزشکی بیرجند ایران fereydoonlaal@gmail.com Epidemiological analysis Accident Steel industry Unsafe acts Unsafe conditions Time of the accident تحلیل اپیدمیولوژیک حادثه صنعت فولاد اعمال ناایمن شرایط غیرایمن زمان وقوع حادثه 1. Concha‐Barrientos M, Nelson DI, Fingerhut M, Driscoll T, Leigh J. The global burden due to occupational injury. 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پیش بینی رفتارهای فرانقش از طریق تعهد شغلی، وفاداری سازمانی، ادراک استرس، ادراک عدالت، وظیفه شناسی و انگیزش درونی اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه واسط عراق Predicting extra-role behaviors through job commitment, organizational loyalty, stress perception, justice perception, conscientiousness and intrinsic work motivation of faculty members in Wasit University in Iraq 1 1 مقدمه:این پژوهش با هدف پیش بینی رفتار های فرانقش از طریق تعهد شغلی، وفاداری سازمانی، ادراک استرس، ادراک عدالت، وظیفه شناسی و انگیزش درونی اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه واسط کشور عراق اجرا شد. روش بررسی: روش پژوهش همبستگی و جامعه آماری شامل کلیه اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه واسط در بهار و تابستان  سال 1403 (تابستان سال 2024) بودند. از جامعه آماری مورد اشاره و از طریق نمونه­گیری در دسترس تعداد 250  نفر انتخاب و به پرسشنامه های رفتار های فرانقش (لی و آلن، 2002)، ادراک عدالت سازمانی (کالکوئیت، 2001)، انگیزش شغلی درونی (گگنه و همکاران، 2015)، وظیفه شناسی (مک کرا و کوستا، 1992)، تعهد شغلی بلاو (1993)، وفاداری سازمانی (کومار و شکهار، 2012) و استرس شغلی (کوهن و همکاران، 1964) پاسخ دادند. داده­های پژوهش با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه به روش گام به گام با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 25 تحلیل گردید. یافته ها:نتایح نشان داد که، بین تعهد شغلی، وفاداری سازمانی، ادراک عدالت، انگیزش درونی و وظیفه­شناسی با  رفتارهای فرانقش رابطه مثبت معنادار و بین ادراک استرس شغلی با  رفتارهای فرانقش رابطه منفی معنادار (01/0p<) وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چند متغیری به روش گام به گام نشان داد که از میان متغیر های پیش بین طی سه گام ادراک عدالت، انگیزش درونی و وفاداری سازمانی توانستند 45% از واریانس رفتار های فرانقش را تبیین کنند. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس یافته­های مطالعه حاضر، برای توسعه رفتار های فرانقش در میان اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه ها، لازم است که بستر های لازم در جهت بهبود و افزایش تعهد شغلی، وفاداری سازمانی، ادراک عدالت، انگیزش درونی، وظیفه شناسی و کاهش ادراک استرس فراهم گردد که باید  مورد  توجه سیاستگزاران نظام آموزش عالی عراق قرار گیرد.   2 Background: Current research was conducted with the aim of predicting extra-role behaviors through job commitment, organizational loyalty, stress perception, justice perception, conscientiousness and internal work motivation of faculty members of Wasit University in Iraq. Methods: Research method was Correlational and statistical population included all faculty members of Wasit University in summer of 2024. From mentioned statistical population 250 people were selected through convenience sampling and a set of questionnaires included extra-role behaviors (Lee and Allen, 2002), perception of organizational justice (Colquitt, 2001), internal job motivation (Gagne et al., 2015). ), conscientiousness (McCrae and Costa, 1992), Blau's (1993) job commitment, organizational loyalty (Kumar and Shekhar, 2012) and job stress (Cohen et al., 1964). Research data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis by stepwise method using SPSS version 25 software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between job commitment, organizational loyalty, perception of justice, internal motivation, and conscientiousness with extra-role behaviors, and there is a significant negative relationship between the perception of job stress and extra-role behaviors (p<0.01). Moreover, results of multiple regression analysis by stepwise method revealed that, among all predictor variables during the three steps justice perception, internal motivation and organizational loyalty were able to explain 45% of the variance of extra-role behaviors. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, for the development of extra-role behaviors in academy members, it is necessary to pay attention to the necessary platforms for improving and increasing job commitment, organizational loyalty, perception of justice, internal motivation, conscientiousness and stress reduction. This should be taken into consideration by the policymakers of Iraqi higher education system.                                           49 61 2024/11/192024/11/192024/08/242024/12/102024/10/25 1403/8/4 2025/03/302025/01/132025/02/252025/01/132025/03/12 1403/12/22 حیدر عبدالرضا حسین شحمانی Haydar Abdulridha Hussein Shihmani دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی اصفهان، ایران ایران haydar@khuisf.ac.ir غلامرضا منشئی Gholamreza Manshaee دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران ایران smanshaee@yahoo.com عدنان مارد جبرالمکصوصی Adnan Marid Jabur Al-Magsoosi گروه رواشناسی دانشگاه واسط عراق عراق adnan@uowasit.edu.iq علی مهداد Ali Mehdad دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران ایران alimahdad.am@gmail.com extra-role behavior intrinsic motivation organizational justice faculty Wasit Iraq رفتار فرانقش انگیزش درونی عدالت سازمانی هیئت علمی واسط عراق 1. Organ DW. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington Books, Lexington. 1998.##2. Moghtaderi Isfahani A, Mehdad A. 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ارتباط استرس شغلی و کم‌خوابی با فرسودگی شغلی در مهمانداران قطار Relationship between job stress and sleep deprivation with burnout in train hoteliers 1 1 مقدمه: فرسودگی شغلی عبارت است از کاهش قدرت سازگاری فرد در مقابل عوامل تنیدگی‌زا و سندرمی مرکب از خستگی عاطفی و کاهش موفقیت فردی. یکی از علل اصلی فرسودگی شغلی، استرس شغلی است. شغل مهمانداری قطار یکی از مشاغل پراسترس به دلیل نیاز به فعالیت در نوبت‌های مختلف کاری به خصوص نوبت شب است. به همین علت این مطالعه با هدف بررسی ارتباط بین استرس شغلی کم‌خوابی با فرسودگی شغلی در بین مهمان‌داران قطار یزد- تهران می‌باشد. روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر پژوهشی مقطعی است. اطلاعات تحقیق از پرسشنامه های  استاندارد استرس شغلی اسیپو، فرسودگی شغلی مسلش، کم خوابی پیترزبورگ(PSQI) وبرای تجزیه وتحلیل داده های آماری از روش همبستگی پیرسون واسپیرمن با نرم افزارspss  نسخه 20 استفاده شد.جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه مهمانداران قطار یزد-تهران می­باشد، بنابر آمار ارائه شده توسط واحد کارگزینی شرکت 123 نفر در این خط شاغلند، نمونه‎گیری این پژوهش با توجه به محدود بودن جامعه از نوع قضاوتی و از فرمول کوکران استفاده شد که 90 نفر انتخاب شدند. نتایج: پاسخ‌دهندگان مرد با 9/68 درصد بیشترین افراد نمونه را تشکیل دادند. بیش‌ترین افراد پاسخ‌دهنده، دارای مدرک تحصیلی فوق‌لیسانس 3/53 % و پس از آن مدرک لیسانس با 5/34 %بودند. با توجه به مدل ترسیم شده، تمامی مسیرها دارای بار عاملی بیشتر از 4/0 بود. مقدار آماره t در این تحلیل، برای تمامی روابط تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و برای مدل ساختاری بیشتر از 96/1 محاسبه شد. مقدار آلفا، ضریب Rho_A و CR محاسبه شده برای تمامی متغیرها بزرگ‌تر از 7/0 بود و مقدار میانگین واریانس استخراج شده (AVE) نیز بزرگ‌تر از 5/0 برآورد شد. برای اطمینان از نتایج، آزمون بوت‌استرپینگ در 2 حالت 500 و 800 نمونه نیز شبیه‌سازی گردید که تغییری در نتایج به دست آمده صورت نگرفت و این مسیرها معنی‌دار بودند. ابتدا نتایج توصیفی از متغیرهای پژوهش ارائه گردید، سپس به بررسی روایی و پایایی ابزار اندازه‌گیری با استفاده از روایی همگرا و واگرا و بهره‌گیری از روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری اقدام شد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل نشان داد که استرس شغلی تاثیر مثبت و معنی­داری بر فرسودگی شغلی و کم­خوابی دارد. میزان تاثیر این متغیر مستقل بر متغیر وابسته کم­خوابی نسبتاً در سطح بالایی قرار دارد. کم­خوابی نیز تاثیر مثبت و معنی­داری بر فرسودگی شغلی دارد.   2 Introduction: Burnout refers to a decrease in an individual's ability to adapt to stressors and includes a syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion and decreased personal success. A primary factor contributing to burnout is job stress. The job of train stewardess is one of the most stressful jobs due to the need to work in different work shifts, especially night shifts.  Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between job-related stress, insufficient sleep, and burnout among Yazd-Tehran train attendants. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The research data were collected using the standard questionnaires for OSIPO job stress, burnout, and Petersburg sleep deprivation (PSQI). The Pearson and Spearman correlation method was applied using SPSS version 20 software to analyze the statistical data. The statistical population for this study comprised all the train crews of the Yazd-Tehran train. Based on the data supplied by the company’s hiring department, there were 123 individuals working on this line. Due to the small population, the sampling of this study was judgment, utilizing the Cochran formula, resulting in the selection of 90 individuals.  The Cronbach's alpha method was utilized to determine both the validity and reliability of the test. Smart Pls software was used to examine the research hypotheses, and a significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. Results: Male participants made up the majority of the sample at 68.9%. A considerable portion of the participants possessed a master's degree, making up 53.3%, whereas individuals holding a bachelor’s degree accounted for 34.5%. According to the model drawn, all paths had factor loadings greater than 0.4. The t-statistic value in this analysis was calculated for all confirmatory factor analysis relationships and greater than 1.96 for the structural model. The alpha value, Rho_A coefficient, and CR for every variables were all determined to be above 0.7, with the AVE value also evaluated to be greater than 0.5. To ensure the results, the bootstrapping test was also simulated in two cases of 500 and 800 samples, which did not change the results obtained and these paths were significant. First, descriptive results of the research variables were presented, and then the validity and reliability of the measurement tool were examined using convergent and divergent validity and structural equation modeling. Conclusion: The results indicated that job stress positively and significantly impacts job burnout and sleep deprivation. The effect of this independent variable on the dependent variable of sleep deprivation is relatively high. Sleep deprivation also has a positive and significant effect on job burnout. 62 72 2024/11/192024/11/192024/08/242024/12/102024/10/252024/07/9 1403/4/19 2025/03/302025/01/132025/02/252025/01/132025/03/122025/03/30 1404/1/10 ناصر صدرا ابرقوئی Naser Sadra Abarghoei گروه مهندسی صنایع دانشگاه علم و هنر ایران Nasersadra@yahoo.com آفرین اخوان Afarin Akhavan گروه مهندسی صنایع دانشگاه علم و هنر ایران akhavan@sau.ac.ir مطهره السادات میراسماعیلی گروه مهندسی صنایع دانشگاه علم و هنر ایران miresmaeili@gmail.com مهلا نذری Mahla Nazri علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران mahlanazri66@gmail.com Hostess Job Stress Job Burnout Pittsburgh Questionnaire مهمان‌دار استرس شغلی فرسودگی شغلی پرسشنامه پیتزبورگ 1. Hanani M, Melabi-Kashani M, Gilasi H. Investigation of the Relationship between Job Burnout Dimensions and Personal Characteristics of Cashiers of State-owned Banks in Kashan. Journal of Faiz. 2019; 15(1): 69-76. [Persian]##2. Abbas Pour A, Baroutian H. 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رابطه تاب‌آوری با عدم تعادل تلاش - پاداش با واسطه‌گری هیجانات تدریس در معلمان ابتدایی شهر تفت Resilience relationship with effort-reward imbalance mediated by teaching emotions in elementary teachers of Taft City 1 1 مقدمه: عدم تعادل تلاش - پاداش که به معنای عدم توازن بین تلاش و پاداش دریافتی است می‌تواند به میزان زیادی تحت‌تأثیر مهارت‌های فردی و هیجانات قرار گیرد. پژوهش حاضر باهدف رابطه تاب‌آوری با عدم تعادل تلاش - پاداش با واسطه‌گری هیجانات تدریس در معلمان ابتدایی شهر تفت انجام شد. روش بررسی: روش پژوهش از نوع همبستگی و به شیوه مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری شامل تمامی معلمان ابتدایی شهر تفت در سال تحصیلی 1402-1401 با تعداد 679 نفر بود. حجم نمونه 250 نفر تعیین و نمونه‌گیری با روش داوطلبانه انجام شد. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل: پرسشنامه تاب‌آوری (کانر و دیویدسون، 2003)، عدم تعادل -تلاش پاداش (جانز سیگریست، ۲۰10) و هیجان تدریس (ویلاویسنسیو، ۲۰10) بود. در نهایت داده‌های ۲۳۴ نفر با استفاده مدل معادلات ساختاری و با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS26 و AMOS24 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد اثر مستقیم تاب‌آوری به عدم تعادل تلاش-پاداش معنی‌دار (180/۰-=β؛ 029/۰=P)؛ و اثر مستقیم تاب‌آوری به هیجانات تدریس معنی‌دار (396/۰-=β؛ ۰۰۱/۰=P)؛ و اثر مستقیم هیجانات تدریس بر عدم تعادل تلاش-پاداش نیز معنی‌دار است (211/۰=p؛ 018/0=P)؛ همچنین نتایج نشان داد که اثر غیرمستقیم بین تاب‌آوری و عدم تعادل تلاش -پاداش از طریق نقش میانجی هیجانات تدریس، معنادار (083/۰-=β؛ 011/۰=P) و اثر کل نیز معنادار بود (264/۰-=βt؛ ۰۰۱/۰=P). نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، تمرکز بر هیجانات تدریس در برنامه‌های آموزش تاب‌آوری برای معلمان ابتدایی می‌تواند با تعدیل هیجان‌ها، عدم تعادل تلاش-پاداش را کاهش دهد. 2 Introduction:  The imbalance between reward and effort, characterized by the disparity between effort put in and rewards received, can be greatly affected by personal abilities and feelings.  The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of resilience with Reward-Effort imbalance mediated by teaching emotions in elementary school teachers of Taft City. Materials and Methods: The methodology used in the research was correlational along with structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all elementary school teachers in Taft City during the academic year 2020-2023, totaling 679 individuals. A sample size of 250 participants was determined, and the sampling was conducted on a voluntarily basis. The research tools included the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), Reward-Effort Imbalance (Siegrist, 2010), and Teaching Emotions (Villavicencio, 2010). Finally, data from 234 participants were analyzed using structural equation modeling through SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. Results: The results showed that the direct effect of resilience on Reward-Effort imbalance was significant (β=0.180; P=0.029); moreover, the direct effect of resilience on teaching emotions was notable (β=0.396; P=0.001); And the direct effect of teaching emotions on Reward-Effort imbalance is also significant (p=0.211; P=0.018);  additionally, the results showed that the indirect effect of resilience on Reward-Effort imbalance through the mediating influence of teaching emotions was significant (β=0.083; P=0.011) and the total effect was also significant (βt =0.264, P=0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, focusing on teaching emotions within resilience training programs for elementary school teachers may help reduce Reward-Effort imbalance by regulating emotions.   73 87 2024/11/192024/11/192024/08/242024/12/102024/10/252024/07/92024/09/27 1403/7/6 2025/03/302025/01/132025/02/252025/01/132025/03/122025/03/302025/01/13 1403/10/24 فاطمه جان نثار Fatemeh Jannesar دانشگاه یزد ایران FatemehJannesar1999@gmail.com احمد زندوانیان نائینی Ahmad Zandvanian Naeini دانشگاه یزد ایران azand2000@yazd.ac.ir حسین حسنی Hossain Hassani دانشگاه یزد ایران Hassani.hossain@yazd.ac.ir Resilience Elementary level Reward-Effort Imbalance Teachers Teaching Emotions تاب‌آوری دوره ابتدایی عدم تعادل تلاش پاداش معلمان هیجانات تدریس 1. Erfani N, Aminimofrad M. Examination of Solutions for Professional Development of Elementary School Teachers in Lalegin. Teacher Professional Development. 2020; 5(1): 41-57. [Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.24765600.1399.5.1.3.9##2. 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تغییرات اقلیم و شاغلین فضای روباز: یک مطالعه مروری روایتی Climate Change and Outdoor Workers: A Narrative Review 1 1 مقدمه: گرمایش جهانی و تغییر اقلیم بـه یکـی از موضوعات بحث‌برانگیز تبدیل شده است که اثر بحرانـی بر سلامت افراد داشته و زندگی بشر را تهدید مـی‌کند. شاغلین، به ویژه آنهایی که در فضای باز کار می‌کنند، اغلب اولین کسانی هستند که در معرض اثر تغییرات آب و هوایی قرار می‌گیرند. لذا هدف این مطالعه بررسی آثار و جنبه‌های مختلف تغییرات اقلیم بر روی سلامتی شاغلین، مطالعه نقش پارامترهای دخیل در آسیب‌پذیری شاغلین در برابر این پدیده و معرفی استراتژی‌های حفاظتی و کنترلی می‌باشد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مروری روایتی، با تاکید بر نتایج تحقیقات بین‌المللی انجام شده در زمینه جنبه‌های مختلف تغییرات اقلیم در محیط‌های شغلی صورت گرفته است. مقالات چاپ شده در فاصله سال‌های 2023-2005 با استفاده از پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی Scopus،PubMed  و Web of Science و کلیدواژه‌های تغییرات اقلیم، شاغلین فضای روباز، آسیب‌پذیری و استرس گرمایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج: بررسی مقالات نشان داد که تاثیر تغییرات اقلیم بر روی محیط‌های شغلی و شاغلین شامل افزایش دمای محیط و افزایش استرس گرمایی، افزایش مواجهه با اشعه ماورای بنفش، آلودگی هوا، افزایش بیماری‌های منتقله از طریق حشرات، خطرات ناشی از صنایع نوظهور سبز مانند تولید انرژی خورشیدی و بادی، مسائل مربوط به سلامت روان ( اضطراب، استرس، سوء مصرف مواد) و کاهش بهره‌وری و افزایش زیان اقتصادی می‌باشد. جهت ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری سلامت شاغلین در برابر تغییرات اقلیم از تلفیق سه پارامتر حساسیت (میزان استعداد جسمی و ذاتی به متاثر شدن از اثرات ناشی از تغییرات اقلیم)، مواجهه (دامنه و میزان تماس‌های مرتبط با تغییرات اقلیم) و قابلیت انطباق (توانایی سیستم در مقابله یا بهبودی ناشی از مواجهه با تغییرات اقلیم) استفاده می‌شود. نتیجه‌گیری: تغییرات اقلیم به عنوان یک چالش جهانی، تأثیر بسزایی بر مشاغل مختلف از جمله مشاغل روباز دارد. مهمترین تاثیر تغییرات اقلیم، گرم شدن جهانی زمین و افزایش استرس گرمایی می‌باشد. این تغییرات می‌تواند طیف گسترده‌ای از عوارض و بیماری‌ها از اختلالات خفیف مانند راش‌های پوستی تا شرایط مرگ‌آور مثل شوک حرارتی، در پی داشته باشد. همچنین می‌تواند با تاثیر منفی بر توانایی انجام کار شاغلین سبب کاهش عملکرد فیزیکی، عملکرد ذهنی و افزایش میزان حوادث گردد. شاغلین فضای روباز نیازمند انطباق با تغییرات اقلیم و استفاده از راهکارهای مدرن و پایدار هستند تا بتوانند به چالش‌های آینده پاسخ دهند.   2 Nakicenovic N, Alcamo J, Davis G, Vries Bd, Fenhann J, Gaffin S, et al. 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Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Golbabaei F, Farhang Dehghan S, Shamsipour A, Ghanadzadeh MJ, et al. Modeling heat stress changes based on wet-bulb globe temperature in respect to global warming. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2020;18:441-50. Luber G, Prudent N. Climate change and human health. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 2009;120:113. Moda HM, Filho WL, Minhas A. Impacts of climate change on outdoor workers and their safety: some research priorities. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(18):3458. Phuomg V, Few R, Winkels A. Heat stress and adaptive capacity of low-income outdoor workers and their families in the city of Da Nang, Vietnam. Da Nang (Vietnam): International Institute for Environment and Development; 2013. Heidari H, Golbabaei F, Arsang JS, Shamsipour AA. Validation of humidex in evaluating heat stress in the outdoor jobs in arid and semi-arid climates of Iran. 2016. Ghalhari GF, Dehghan SF, Shakeri F, Abbasinia M, Asghari M. Thermal comfort and heat stress indices for outdoor occupations over 15 years: a case study from Iran. Weather. 2019;74:S40-S5. Nassiri P, Reza Monazzam M, Golbabaei F, Abbasinia M, Chavoshi M, Taheri F, et al. Exposure to heat stress in the workplace: A systematic review. Iran Occupational Health. 2018;15(2):118-128. Monazzam MR, Asghari M, Farhang Dehghan S, Hajizadeh R, Beheshti MH, Monazzam M, et al. Presentation of an operational program to reduce vulnerability of outdoor workers to to heat stress and climate change. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2019;16(3). Chirico F, Taino G. Climate change and occupational health of outdoor workers: an urgent call to action for European policymakers. Environmental Disease. 2018;3(4):77-9. Schulte PA, Chun H. Climate change and occupational safety and health: establishing a preliminary framework. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 2009;6(9):542-54. 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Investigation on heat stress of construction workers in summer in Chongqing, China. E3S Web of Conferences; 2019: EDP Sciences. Golbabaei F, Monazzam MR, Aval MY, Allahyari T, Taban E, Shendi MRA. Investigation of heat stress and heat strain in outdoor workers: a case study in Iran. Archives of Advances in Biosciences. 2016;7(4):30-8. Pundee R, Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Anutrakulchai S, Robson MG, Woskie S. Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020;27(5):1170-87. Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Golbabaei F, Shamsipour A, Arabalibeik H, Abbasinia M, et al. Personal risk factors during heat stress exposure in workplace. Journal of Health & Safety at Work. 2017;7(2). Hunt AP, Parker AW, Stewart IB. Heat strain and hydration status of surface mine blast crew workers. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 2014;56(4):409-14. Phanprasit W, Rittaprom K, Dokkem S, Meeyai AC, Boonyayothin V, Jaakkola JJ, et al. Climate warming and occupational heat and hot environment standards in Thailand. Safety and Health at Work. 2021;12(1):119-26. Kearney GD, Hu H, Xu X, Hall MB, Balanay JAG. Estimating the prevalence of heat-related symptoms and sun safety–related behavior among Latino farmworkers in Eastern North Carolina. Journal of agromedicine. 2016;21(1):15-23. Alam MM, Siwar C, bin Toriman ME, Molla RI, Talib B. Climate change induced adaptation by paddy farmers in Malaysia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2012;17:173-86. Asghari M, Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Golbabaei F, Shamsipour AA, Arabalibeik H. Provision of an empirical model to estimate the adaptive capacity of workers at risk of heat stress. Health Scope. 2018;7(1). Wolf J, Lorenzoni I, Few R, Abrahamson V, Raine R. Conceptual and practical barriers to adaptation: vulnerability and responses to heat waves in the UK. Adapting to climate change: Thresholds, values, governance. 2009:181-96. Tirgar A, Shirouye A, Hajiahmadi M, Hoseini S. Determination of susceptibility to heat-related disorders and prevention methods among agriculture workers. J Health Saf Work. 2012;1(1):39-46. Jackson LL, Rosenberg HR. Preventing heat-related illness among agricultural workers. Journal of agromedicine. 2010;15(3):200-15. Council CI. Guidelines on site safety measures for working in hot weather. Wanchai, Hong Kong. 2013. Ghalhari GF, Heidari H, Dehghan SF, Asghari M. Consistency assessment between summer simmer index and other heat stress indices (WBGT and Humidex) in Iran's climates. Urban Climate. 2022;43:101178. Asghari M, Teimori G, Abbasinia M, Shakeri F, Tajik R, Ghannadzadeh MJ, et al. Thermal discomfort analysis using UTCI and MEMI (PET and PMV) in outdoor environments: case study of two climates in Iran (Arak & Bandar Abbas). Weather. 2019;74:S57-S64. Teimori G, Monazzam MR, Nassiri P, Golbabaei F, Dehghan SF, Ghannadzadeh MJ, et al. Applicability of the model presented by Australian Bureau of Meteorology to determine WBGT in outdoor workplaces: A case study. Urban Climate. 2020;32:100609. Climate Change and Outdoor Workers: A Narrative Review Asghari M 1[1], Ghanadzadeh MJ 2, Soltani Gerdfaramarzi R 3 1 Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. 3 Industrial Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Abstract Introduction: Global warming and climate change have become one of the controversial topics that have a critical impact on human health and threaten human life. Workers, especially those working outdoors, are often the first ones exposed to the effects of climate change. The study aimed to analyze the impacts and dimensions of climate change on workers' health, investigate the factors contributing to workers' vulnerability to this phenomenon, and propose protective and control strategies. Materials and Methods: This narrative review highlights findings from global studies on climate change and its consequences (heat stress) in occupational environments. The articles published between 2005 and 2023 were analyzed using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, focusing on keywords such as climate change, outdoor workers, vulnerability, and heat stress. Results: The review of various articles showed that climate change affects work settings and employees through rising ambient temperature and elevated heat stress, greater exposure to  ultraviolet radiation, increased air pollution, climate-related vector-borne diseases, and other related hazards. It also encompasses risks linked to industrial shifts and the rise of new green industries such as solar and wind energy production, mental health issues (including anxiety, stress, substance abuse) as well as reducing productivity and economic burden. To evaluate the vulnerability of workers' health to climate change, three key factors are  taken into account: sensitivity (the level of physical and inherent vulnerability to climate  change effects), exposure (the extent and intensity of climate change-relate interactions ), and adaptive capacity (the ability of the system to cope with and recover from the effects of climate change). Conclusion: Climate change, as a global challenge, significantly impacts various professions, particularly those in outdoor environments. The foremost consequence of climate change is global warming and the rising levels of heat stress. These changes can give rise to various health problems, from minor issues like Skin rashes to severe conditions like heatstroke. Additionally, they can impede workers' productivity, leading to decreased physical and mental performance and an increased risk of accidents. Outdoor workers must adjust to these climate changes and adopt modern, sustainable approaches to tackle upcoming challenges.     88 100 2024/11/192024/11/192024/08/242024/12/102024/10/252024/07/92024/09/272024/06/30 1403/4/10 2025/03/302025/01/132025/02/252025/01/132025/03/122025/03/302025/01/132025/03/30 1404/1/10 مهدی اصغری Mehdi Asghari علوم پزشکی اراک ایران m.asghari2011@gmail.com محمد جواد قنادزاده Mohammad Javad Ghanadzadeh علوم پزشکی اراک ایران mghanadzadeh.7@gmail.com رضیه سلطانی Razieh Soltani Gerdfaramarzi دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد ایران raziyeh_soltani@yahoo.com Climate change Heat stress Vulnerability Sensitivity Exposure Adaptive Capacity تغییرات اقلیم استرس گرمایی آسیب‌پذیری حساسیت مواجهه قابلیت انطباق 1. Nakicenovic N, Alcamo J, Davis G, Vries Bd, Fenhann J, Gaffin S, et al. Special report on emissions scenarios. 2000.##2. Asghari M, Ghalhari GF, Ghanadzadeh M, Moradzadeh R, Tajik R, Samadi S, et al. Modeling of thermal discomfort based representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios in coming decades using temperature-humidity index (THI) and effective temperature (ET): a case study in a semi-arid climate of Iran. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2023;16(6):1195-205.##3. Romm JJ. Climate change: What everyone needs to know: Oxford University Press; 2022.##4. Koocheki A, Nassiri Mahallati M, Jafari L. Evaluation of climate change effect on agricultural production of Iran: I. Predicting the future agroclimatic conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 2016;13(4):651-64.##5. Asghari M, Fallah Ghalhari G, Heidari H, Moradzadeh R, Samadi S, Tajik R, et al. Modeling and predicting trends of heat stress based on climate change phenomenon: A case study in a semi-arid climate. Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal. 2022;9(4):399-407.##6. Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Golbabaei F, Farhang Dehghan S, Shamsipour A, Ghanadzadeh MJ, et al. Modeling heat stress changes based on wet-bulb globe temperature in respect to global warming. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2020;18:441-50.##7. Luber G, Prudent N. Climate change and human health. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 2009;120:113.##8. Moda HM, Filho WL, Minhas A. Impacts of climate change on outdoor workers and their safety: some research priorities. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(18):3458.##9. Phuomg V, Few R, Winkels A. Heat stress and adaptive capacity of low-income outdoor workers and their families in the city of Da Nang, Vietnam. Da Nang (Vietnam): International Institute for Environment and Development; 2013.##10. Heidari H, Golbabaei F, Arsang JS, Shamsipour AA. Validation of humidex in evaluating heat stress in the outdoor jobs in arid and semi-arid climates of Iran. 2016.##11. Ghalhari GF, Dehghan SF, Shakeri F, Abbasinia M, Asghari M. Thermal comfort and heat stress indices for outdoor occupations over 15 years: a case study from Iran. Weather. 2019;74:S40-S5.##12. Nassiri P, Reza Monazzam M, Golbabaei F, Abbasinia M, Chavoshi M, Taheri F, et al. Exposure to heat stress in the workplace: A systematic review. Iran Occupational Health. 2018;15(2):118-128.##13. Monazzam MR, Asghari M, Farhang Dehghan S, Hajizadeh R, Beheshti MH, Monazzam M, et al. Presentation of an operational program to reduce vulnerability of outdoor workers to to heat stress and climate change. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2019;16(3).##14. Chirico F, Taino G. Climate change and occupational health of outdoor workers: an urgent call to action for European policymakers. Environmental Disease. 2018;3(4):77-9.##15. Schulte PA, Chun H. Climate change and occupational safety and health: establishing a preliminary framework. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 2009;6(9):542-54.##16. Asghari M, Fallah Ghalhari GA, Heidari H. 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