2026-09-16T04:15:32+03:30 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=69&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

69-1370 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Hossein Fallah Drfallah.h@gmail.com Seyedeh Fatemeh Ghetmiri fa.ghetmirii@gmail.com Reyhaneh Sefidkar reyhanesefidkar@gmail.com Morteza Mortazavi Mehrizi Matinmehrsa1360@gmail.com Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders a, Workplace t. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities: National Academies Press; 2001. Krishnan KS, Raju G, Shawkataly O. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: Psychological and physical risk factors. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(17):9361. Briggs AM, Woolf AD, Dreinhöfer K, Homb N, Hoy DG, Kopansky-Giles D, et al. Reducing the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2018;96(5):366. Hokmabadi R, Fallah H. Ergonomic assessment of musculoskeletal disorders risk factors in construction workers by PATH Method. 2013. Khairi MASZ, Udin NM. Physical Ergonomic Risk Factors and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Office Workers in Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam. Junior Science Communication. 2024;39. Mohammadipour F, Pourranjbar M, Naderi S, Rafie F. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Iranian office workers: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of medicine and life. 2018;11(4):328. Mirmohammadi T, Gook O, Mousavinasab N, Mahmoodi Sharafe H. Investigating the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Melli Bank Staff and Determining Its Relationship with Office Tension in North Khorasan Province in 2019. Iranian Journal of Ergonomics. 2020;7(4):31-9. Putri AS, Amalia D. Analysis of Work Posture and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders with ROSA Method at Batam Environmental Service: Analisis Postur Kerja dan Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders dengan Metode ROSA pada Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Batam. Procedia of Engineering and Life Science. 2021;2. Khoiri AU, Widajati N. Analysis of working posture risk of office employees in one of the ports companies using the ROSA method. 2024.  Villanueva MBG, Sotoyama M, Jonai H, Takeuchi Y, SAITO S. Adjustments of posture and viewing parameters of the eye to changes in the screen height of the visual display terminal. Ergonomics. 1996;39(7):933-45.  Ghasemi F, Gholamizadeh K, Rahmani R, Doosti-Irani A. Prevalence and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms among Iranian butchers and their association with occupational risk factors: Implications for ergonomic interventions. Work. 2020;66(4):817-25.  hashemi habybabady R, dehbashi a, paridokht f, sepehr p, maleki roveshti m. Investigating Occupational and Personal Factors Effective in Causing Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Personnel of One of the Hospitals in Zahedan City. Tolooebehdasht. 2024;23(2):50-65.  Descatha A, Evanoff BA, Leclerc A, Roquelaure Y. Occupational determinants of musculoskeletal disorders.  Handbook of disability, work and health: Springer; 2020:169-88.  Karwowski W, Marras WS. Occupational ergonomics: engineering and administrative controls: CRC press; 2003.  Cho C-Y, Hwang Y-S, Cherng R-J. Musculoskeletal symptoms and associated risk factors among office workers with high workload computer use. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological therapeutics. 2012;35(7):534-40.  Loghmani A, Golshiri P, Zamani A, Kheirmand M, Jafari N. Musculoskeletal symptoms and job satisfaction among office-workers: a cross-sectional study from Iran. Acta medica academica. 2013;42(1):46-54.  Choobineh A, Daneshmandi H, Fard SKSZ, Tabatabaee SH. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among Iranian workforce and job groups. International journal of preventive medicine. 2016;7(1):130.  Shikdar AA, Al-Kindi MA. Office ergonomics: deficiencies in computer workstation design. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007;13(2):215-23.  Mokhtarinia HR, Hosseini ZSJ, Shokouhyan SM, Gabel CP. Translation, cultural adaptation and assessment of psychometrics properties of the Extended Version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ-E) in Persian language speaking people. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2024;25. Sonne M, Andrews DM. The Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA): Validity of online worker self-assessments and the relationship to worker discomfort. Occupational Ergonomics. 2012;10(3):83-101.  Sonne M, Villalta DL, Andrews DM. Development and evaluation of an office ergonomic risk checklist: ROSA–Rapid office strain assessment. Applied ergonomics. 2012;43(1):98-108.  Choobineh AR, Rahimi Fard H, Jahangiri M, Mahmood Khani S. Musculoskeletal Injuries and Their Associated Risk Factors. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2012;8(4):70-81.  Marzban H, Rezaei E, Shahmahmoudi F, Zangiabadi Z, Sahebi A, Makki F. Musculoskeletal disorders among bank workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (1471-2474 (Electronic)).  Nadri F. Evaluating the factors effective on musculoskeletal disorders among the employees of one of Qazvin’s governmental offices. Journal of Health and Development. 2013;2:06-116.  Gerr F, Marcus M, Ensor C, Kleinbaum D, Cohen S, Edwards A, et al. A prospective study of computer users: I. Study design and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. American journal of industrial medicine. 2002;41(4):221-35.  Amick III BC, Robertson MM, DeRango K, Bazzani L, Moore A, Rooney T, et al. Effect of office ergonomics intervention on reducing musculoskeletal symptoms. Spine. 2003;28(24):2706-11.  Shahwan BSa, D’emeh WM, Yacoub MI. Evaluation of computer workstations ergonomics and its relationship with reported musculoskeletal and visual symptoms among university employees in Jordan. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2022;35(2):141.  Gerr F, Marcus M, Monteilh C. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders among computer users: lesson learned from the role of posture and keyboard use. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2004;14(1):25-31.  Van Niekerk S-M, Louw QA, Hillier S. The effectiveness of a chair intervention in the workplace to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. A systematic review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2012;13:1-7.  Subramaniam AA-O, Singh DA-O. Effects of using a document holder when typing on head excursion and neck muscle activity among computer users with and without neck pain. (2376-9130 (Electronic)).  Riyahi A, Pooryamanesh L, Tanha F, Moradzadeh R. Studying Musculoskeletal Disorders Prevalence and Its Associated Factors Among Education Office Employees in Arak in 2016-17: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2019;17(10):913-24.  Etana G, Ayele M, Abdissa D, Gerbi A. Prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders and associated factors among bank staff in Jimma city, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019: an institution-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Pain Research. 2021:2071-82.  Tsvetkova T, Mihaylova D. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in Bulgarian administrative workers: a cross-sectional study. Bulgarian Journal of Public Health. 2024.  Samaei SE, Tirgar A, Khanjani N, Mostafaee M, Bagheri Hosseinabadi M, Amrollahi M. Assessment of ergonomics risk factors influencing incidence of musculoskeletal disorders among office workers. Journal of Health and Safety at Work (JHSW). 2015;5:1-10.  Nasiri I, Motamedzade M, Golmohammadi R, Faradmal J. Assessment of risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders using the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) Method and implementing ergonomics intervention programs in Sepah Bank. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2015;5(2):47-62.  Sonne M, Villalta DL, Andrews DM. Development and evaluation of an office ergonomic risk checklist: ROSA--rapid office strain assessment. Appl Ergon. 2012;43(1):98-108. Shariat A, Cleland J, Danaee M, Kargarfard M, Moradi V, Md Tamrin S. Relationships between Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire and Online Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) Questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2018;47(11):1756–62.    Akhlaghi Pirposhteh E, Golrokh F, Ebrahimi HR, Salehi Sahl Abadi A. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among administrative and service staff of selected hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and their associated risk factors. Health and Development Journal. 2020;9(2):124-36. Ergonomic risk assessment of work stations and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among employees of Refah Bank in Shiraz Fallah H1, Ghetmiri SF2*, Sefidkar R3, Mortazavi Mehrizi M4 1Assistant Professor, Industrial Diseases Research Center, Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2Msc. Student, Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 3Assistant Professor, Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 4Assistant Professor, Occupational Health Department, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Abstract Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) pose significant health risks to office workers, particularly bank employees who perform combined computer and paperwork tasks. However, ergonomic assessments in Iran's banking sector remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate ergonomic risk factors in workstations and determine the prevalence and severity of WMSDs among Refah Bank employees in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024, involving 77 stratified sampled employees from bank branches. Workstations were assessed using a researcher-designed checklist and the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method. The prevalence of WMSDs over the past 12 months was measured using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire across nine body regions, while symptom severity was quantified via the Body Map Scale (0–5). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis; P < 0.05). Results: Findings revealed an alarmingly high WMSD prevalence of 89.6%, predominantly affecting the neck (76.6%), shoulders, and lower back ( 70.1%). A significant association was found between the number of painful body regions and both age and work experience (P< 0.05), with increasing age and tenure linked to greater involvement of body areas. The mean ROSA score (7.1 ± 4.56) indicated high ergonomic risk, particularly for input devices and monitors. Conclusion: The high prevalence of WMSDs and elevated ROSA scores among bank employees underscore the urgent need for ergonomic interventions targeting this occupational group. Such interventions should encompass workstation redesign and employee training. Future longitudinal studies should evaluate intervention efficacy and incorporate psychosocial factors. Musculoskeletal disorders ROSA method Nordic questionnaire bank employees ergonomic risk assessment 2026 1 01 1 12 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1370-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20925

69-1364 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Fatemeh Alinezhad Alinezhad281@gmail.com Borzoo Amirpour borzooamirpour@gmail.com Introduction: Considering the vital role of educators in the culture of society and their close relationship with students, any efforts to increase mental health and improve their performance within the educational organization deserves attention. Given the scarce research on the connection between organizational DNA and psychological components among teachers, this question arises: Can the psychological help seeking stigma play a mediating role in the relationship between organizational DNA and mental toughness with teachers' job burnout? Materials and Methods: The present study utilized a method that was objective, quantitative by nature, and descriptive in terms of correlation type (structural equation model). The statistical population of the research included all primary and special education teachers in the Sarpol Zahab in the academic year 2023-2024 who had a minimum of three years of educational work experience. Employing the Krejci- Morgan table and stratified random sampling, a total of 205 teachers (100 male and105 female) were selected. The research background utilized the library method, and data was gathered using Meshach’s job burnout questionnaire (1981), Ardalan et al.'s organizational DNA questionnaire (1400), Clough's mental toughness questionnaire (2002) and Clough et al.'s psychological help-seeking stigma scale concerning occupational stress and Job burnout (2020. The proposed model was evaluated through structural equation modeling (SEM) and the mediating effect of psychological help-seeking stigma was assessed using the Sobel test using SPSS-28 and AMOS-26 software. Results: The findings indicated that all the absolute, comparative and parsimonious indicators of the model demonstrated favorable fitness. In the examined structural model, the negative effect of organizational DNA on help-seeking stigma, -0/297 (p=0/034) and job burnout, -0/161 (p<0/001), as along with the negative effect of mental toughness on help-seeking stigma, -0/754 and job burnout, -0/690 (p<0/001), were found to be significant. Furthermore, the findings indicated that help-seeking stigma positively influenced job burnout by 0/342 (p<0/001). Additionally, the Sobel test indicated that help-seeking stigma significantly mediated the connection between organizational DNA and burnout (p<0/05, z=-3/82) as well as the relationship between psychological resilience and burnout (p<0/05, z=-4/03). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the proposed model played a crucial role in recognizing the significant factors contributing to teacher burnout and can serve as a model for designing burnout prevention programs for educators while increasing their psychological well-being. Stigma Mental toughness Organizational DNA Burnout Psychological help-seeking 2026 1 01 13 27 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1364-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20926

69-1389 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Najmeh Baghian n.baghian@yahoo.com Somayeh Peymanfar shamimpeymanfar70@gmail.com Adel Eftekhari adel.eftekhari.66@gmail.com Introduction: Workplace safety and emergency preparedness are management priorities, especially in high-risk manufacturing industries such as the tile industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of training on safety culture and cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill self-efficacy in tile industry managers in Yazd; 2023. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental, pre-post design implemented on 30 middle and junior managers at the Noavaran Meybod Tile Company. The training course was designed based on the ADDIE Model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) and consisted of three 4-hour sessions. For measurement, the Safety Culture Questionnaire developed by Nouri Jabbari et al. and the Basic CPR Self-Efficacy Questionnaire developed by Padilla et al. were utilized. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests (t-test, ANOVA, linear regression) in SPSS 27 software. Results: The mean score for the self-efficacy variable increased from pre-training (2.98 ± 0.17) to post-training (4.11 ± 0.8), and similarly, the mean score for the safety culture variable increased from pre-training (139.0 ± 2.69) to post-training (171.7 ± 2.96). However, the observed differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) for either variable. Furthermore, no linear relationship was observed between demographic variables and the safety culture variables (R² = 0.073, P > 0.05 for all dimensions) or self-efficacy (R² = 0.170, P > 0.05 for all dimensions). Conclusion: The results indicate that the educational intervention, by itself, was insufficient to create structural and generalizable changes in the safety culture and self-efficacy of this group. To achieve decisive outcomes, it is recommended that continuous, more comprehensive training, along with the adoption of novel educational and supervisory methods, be prioritized to solidify behavioral changes in the workplace. Safety culture Education Industries Self-efficacy Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ADDIE model 2026 1 01 28 37 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1389-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20927

69-1387 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Mohammad Soleimani calligraphsoleimani@gmail.com Farzad Khanpour farzad84.kh@gmail.com Ebrahim DarvishI darvish.hse@gmail.com Naser Reshadmanesh nreshadmanesh@yahoo.com Farzaneh Khanpour Far.khanpour@gmail.com Introduction: Teachers are among the occupational groups at high risk for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and are considered at high risk for such conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and their association with job satisfaction among teachers in Sanandaj City during the academic year 2020–2021. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The statistical population included all teachers at the elementary, lower secondary, and upper secondary levels in Sanandaj City. The city was divided into five regions (north, south, east, west, and central); five schools were randomly selected from each region using a cluster sampling method. A total of 300 teachers completed the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire.  Data were analyzed via SPSS v.23. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentages) were employed for prevalence estimates; Pearson correlation, ANOVA, t-test, and equivalent non-parametric tests were applied for hypothesis testing; while Chi-square tests examined categorical variables. Results: The musculoskeletal disorders prevalence among teachers was 80%, while the highest rates in the lower back (60%) and neck (40%). Mean job satisfaction was at a moderate level (2.64%). Chi-square analysis showed no significant relationship among job satisfaction, gender, education, marital status and income (p>0.05), while a significant association existed between job satisfaction and the presence of musculoskeletal disorders (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the level of job satisfaction among teachers is moderate and musculoskeletal disorders-particularly in the back and neck- significantly reduced satisfaction. Preventive programs and ergonomic interventions are recommended to enhance teachers’ job satisfaction. Job satisfaction Musculoskeletal disorders Teachers 2026 1 01 38 47 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1387-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20928

69-1403 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Mohammad Hossein Davari drmhdavari@gmail.com Amir Houshang Mehrparvar ah.mehrparvar@gmail.com Ziba Loukzadeh dr.loukzadeh@gmail.com Mojgan Piri Ardakani Mojgan.piri67@gmail.com Amir Neshati dr.amirneshati@gmail.com Farimah Shamsi farimah.shamsi1982@gmail.com Abbas Jafari Jafari_267@yahoo.com Simin Manoochehry simin.manoochehry@gmail.com Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a great burden on humans in various areas. The return to work of individuals after contracting this disease was likely to be affected by various factors, one of which could be psychological disorders. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study in this field. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and conducted on patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized for treatment and subsequently returned to their previous jobs. A questionnaire including demographic and occupational information, as well as the Persian version of the DASS-21 questionnaire, was completed for each participant via telephone interview.  Depression, anxiety, and stress were compared between the two groups: those with a return-to-work time of up to 21 days and those with a return-to-work time of more than 21 days. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and the chi-square test. Results: The sample size of this study was 152 individuals with the average age of 40.1±7.8 years. Fifty-seven of participants (37.5%) returned to work within a maximum of 21 days after the onset of COVID-19 onset, while this period took longer than 21 days for 62.5% of the participants. Depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher in individuals whose return to work took longer than  21 days, and depression was significantly higher in those with non-university education compared to those with university education. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the importance of early assessment of psychological status and timely intervention from the perspective of occupational health and appropriate return to work during the outbreak of pandemics. COVID-19 Return to work DASS-21 Psychological 2026 1 01 48 57 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1403-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20929

69-1313 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Fereydoon Laal‬ fereydoonlaal@gmail.com@yahoo.com Mohamad Javad Zare Sakhvidi mjzs63@gmail.com Roholah Fallah fallah134@gmail.com Alireza Fallah alirezafallahmadvari@yahoo.com Introduction: Steel construction projects are characterized by the highest level of safety risks due to the complexity of activities, use of heavy equipment, and the simultaneous occurrence of high-risk operations. Effective management of these risks requires systematic methods for identifying, assessing, and prioritizing hazards, as well as evaluating the impact of control measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of safety interventions on risk prioritization in a steel construction project using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Materials and Methods: This research was an applied, interventional study with a quasi-experimental design conducted on one of the steel construction project. At the beginning of the main project activities, potential hazards associated with each activity were identified. Subsequently, the failure modes, their causes, and consequences were analyzed using the standard FMEA worksheet. The severity of consequences, probability of occurrence, and detectability indices for each hazard were scored, and the Risk Priority Number (RPN) was calculated. After that, targeted safety interventions, including training, engineering controls, administrative measures, and the use of personal protective equipment, were then implemented and evaluated. The risk assessment was repeated using the same method. Results: A total of 54 occupational hazards were identified across six main construction activities. Before the intervention, hazards related to working at height and load-handling operations had the highest RPN values. After the implementation of safety interventions, a significant reduction in RPN values was observed for most hazards, particularly those related to falls from height and the collapse of work platforms. However, risks arising from work at height remained among the top safety priorities. Conclusion: The results indicate that the FMEA method is a suitable tool for prioritizing risks and evaluating the effectiveness of safety interventions in steel construction projects and can provide management with guidance to improve decision-making and  allocate safety resources.    Risk assessment Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Risk Priority Number Steel industry Safety 2026 1 01 58 68 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1313-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20930

69-1365 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 farzaneh Alsadat razavi alesdatf@gmail.com Introduction: Teaching is considered one of the most stressful occupations. This issue is more complex for female teachers due to multitude of roles and occupational and family responsibilities, causing them to experience high levels of job stress and work-family conflict. Given that reality therapy is an effective approach in enhancing responsibility and managing challenges, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of group reality therapy on reducing job stress and improving work-family conflict in female high school teachers. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population included all female teachers of secondary school level in district 2 of Yazd City in the academic year 2023-2024. Thirty teachers were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 participants each). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 60-minutes reality therapy, while the control group remained on a waiting list and received no training. Both groups were evaluated at pretest and posttest stages using the Job Stress Questionnaire of the United Kingdom Health and Safety Institute (1990) and the Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire of Net Mayer et al. (1996). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23 software and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that reality therapy had a significant effect on reducing job stress and work-family conflict (p<01.0). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that group reality therapy can effectively reduce job stress and work-family conflict in female teachers; therefore, it is recommended that this approach be used as an effective intervention to promote the mental health of female teachers. Reality therapy Job stress Work-family conflict Female teachers 2026 1 01 69 79 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1365-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20931

69-1332 2026-09-16 10.1002

Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal tkj 2251-7189 2251-8274 7 2026 17 4 Fariba Moradi faribamoradi@sport.uk.ac.ir Mansor Sahebozamani sahebozamani@uk.ac.ir Saeed Bahiraei s.bahiraei@uk.ac.ir Abdolhamid Daneshjoo daneshjoo.hamid@uk.ac.ir Sina Saeedaskari sinasaeedaskari@sport.uk.ac.ir Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent, costly, and debilitating issue with a high prevalence in the global community. While acute injuries can cause low back pain, biomechanical disorders have also been identified as contributors to chronic low back pain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of leg deviations on nonspecific chronic back pain. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted by searching for articles published between 2004-2024 in Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, and Embase databases. The search used keywords such as "Low Back Pain, Foot pronated, Pes planus, Flat Foot, Splay Foot supinated, Podiatric deviation, Pelvic tilt, Pes cavus, Excessive pronation, Hullux valgus, Foot." Results: Out of 1,314 articles reviewed; 88 articles related to the inclusion criteria were identified. Following quality assessment using the PEDro scale, 15 articles were selected for detailed analysis. These included three articles on the effect of Pes planus, seven articles on flat feet, and two articles on foot posture and function. Additionally, two articles focused on hullux valgus and one article examined heel bone deviation on low back pain. Conclusion: The findings suggest that foot deviations, with changes in gait and leg length, can potentially disrupt pelvic alignment, leading to low back pain. Further research is needed to comprehensively define postural changes in foot position, structure, function and their relationship with changes in structural, kinematic, and proximal neuromuscular training is required. Back pain Flat feet Hallux valgus Podiatric deviations 2026 1 01 80 92 http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1332-en.pdf 10.18502/tkj.v17i4.20932